After the ______, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The correct answer is Option 2. 

Key Points

•  After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Chauri Chaura was a town in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, where on February 4, 1922, a group of protesters participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with police, resulting in the death of three policemen. In retaliation, the protesters set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen who were inside.
• Gandhi, who had been leading the Non-Cooperation Movement, was deeply disturbed by the violent turn of events and called off the movement, as he believed that it had lost its nonviolent character.

Additional Information

•  The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on April 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. It was a turning point in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule.
  • On that day, a large crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden, to peacefully protest against the arrest and deportation of two popular leaders, Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew.
  • The crowd included men, women, and children who were unaware that the British had imposed a ban on public gatherings.
  • The British colonial administration, led by General Reginald Dyer, responded with brutal force.
  • Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd without any warning, and they continued to fire until their ammunition was exhausted. The massacre left over 1,000 people dead and more than 1,500 injured.
  • The incident sparked outrage across India and led to widespread protests against British rule. It also marked a turning point in Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent resistance movement, as he called for a nationwide non-cooperation movement against the British.
  • The Jallianwala Bagh massacre remains a painful chapter in India's history and is widely condemned as a brutal act of violence against innocent civilians.

• The Bengal Partition refers to the division of the Indian province of Bengal in 1905, by the British colonial government, into two separate administrative entities: Bengal Presidency (with Hindu majority) and East Bengal and Assam (with Muslim majority).

  • The partition of Bengal was seen as a divide and rule policy of the British, aimed at weakening the Indian independence movement by creating religious and linguistic divisions.

  • The move was widely opposed by the Indian nationalist movement and sparked protests and boycotts across the country.

  • In 1911, the Bengal province was reunified due to political pressure, but the Muslim-majority eastern region was made into a separate province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. In 1947, when India gained independence from Britain, the province of Bengal was divided once again along religious lines into East Pakistan (which later became Bangladesh) and West Bengal (which became part of India).

• The Round Table Conferences were a series of three meetings held in London, England between 1930 and 1932. The conferences were convened to discuss the future of India and its constitutional reforms, as well as to address the issues of communal representation and the rights of minorities.
  • The British government, which ruled India at the time, hoped that the Round Table Conferences would provide a forum for Indian leaders to express their views on constitutional reform and for the British government to gain a better understanding of Indian political aspirations.
  • The first conference was held in November 1930, with 73 delegates from British India and 7 delegates from the princely states attending. The second conference was held in September 1931, with 58 delegates from British India and 16 delegates from the princely states attending. The third conference was held in November 1932, with only 46 delegates from British India attending.
  • The conferences were largely unsuccessful in achieving their objectives, as the Indian National Congress, the main political party representing Indian interests, boycotted the first and third conferences due to the British government's refusal to grant India full independence. However, the Round Table Conferences did lay the foundation for the eventual Indian independence movement, and many of the issues discussed at the conferences were later addressed in the Government of India Act of 1935.