Adherence to precedent is called the doctrine of 

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

•  Adherence to precedent, known as the doctrine of stare decisis, is a fundamental principle of judicial decision-making that mandates courts to follow the rulings and legal principles established in previous judicial decisions.
• The term "stare decisis" is derived from Latin and means "to stand by things decided."
• This doctrine plays a crucial role in ensuring consistency, predictability, and stability in the law by obliging courts to apply the same reasoning and legal principles to similar cases over time.
• Under the stare decisis principle, when a court is faced with a case that is similar to a previously decided case, it should follow the precedent set by the earlier decision unless there is a strong reason to deviate.
• This ensures that similar cases are decided similarly, which provides guidance to individuals and entities about the legal implications of their actions and decisions.