Which of these is not an error due to natural causes in case of stadia surveying?

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  1. Parallax
  2. Bad visibility
  3. Unequal refraction
  4. Unequal expansion

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Parallax
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Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

The sources of errors in stadia measurements are as follows:

Instrument errors

Personal errors

Errors due to Natural Causes:

  • Unequal expansion of the instrument parts
  • Unequal refraction and
  • Bad visibility
  • Due to wind

Errors due to Instruments:

  • Imperfect permanent adjustments in the instrument
  • Incorrect graduations on the stadia rod

Errors due to Manipulation and Sighting or personal errors:

  • These errors depend on the efficiency and skill of the surveyor and  due to inaccurate leveling and centering of the instrument
  • These errors may occur and by these incorrect stadia, readings are taken.

So, Parallax is not an error due to natural causes.

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