Educational Technology MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Educational Technology - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Bruner advocated the discovery learning approach. The learner should be presented with a problem situation and motivated to seek an alternative solution. Therefore, instruction based on Bruner's theory is learner-centered placing learners as active participants.

Key Points

Discovery Learning was introduced by Jerome Bruner. It is considered a constructivist based approach to education. It is also referred to as problem-based learning and experiential learning.

• ​Discovery Learning is a method of Inquiry-Based Instruction.
• This theory encourages learners to use past experiences and knowledge to form new experiences and knowledge.
• The learner is encouraged to use their intuition, imagination, and creativity, and search for new information to discover facts, correlations, and new truths.
• The concept of discovery learning implies that students construct their own knowledge for themselves, Learner is considered active and constructor of their own knowledge. 
• Teacher guidance where the emphasis is on building upon students’ reasoning and connecting to their experiences. Teachers give direction and make sure the learning is maintained.

Therefore, Activation, maintenance, and direction are must components for Discovery Learning.

Additional Information

Stimulus situation, response, and reinforcement: Associated with operant conditioning theory given by B.F Skinner.

Assimilation, accommodation, and adaptation:

• Piaget believed that there are two basic ways that we can adapt to new experiences and information: assimilation and accommodation.
• Adaptation involves two sub processes: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the application of previous concepts to new concepts. An example is a child who refers to a whale as a “fish.” Accommodation is the altering of previous concepts in the face of new information.

According to the Swiss psychologist Piaget, as the child grows older, his work area increases, so does his intelligence. He clarified, that at first the child learns through simple concepts, but as the child grows up, he starts accepting the most difficult concepts.

Key PointsThe Concrete-Operational Stage:

• This stage spans from seven years to eleven years.
• The mastery of conservation marks the beginning of the stage of concrete operations.
• During the Concrete-Operational Stage of cognitive development, the child is able to overcome his 'egocentric' way of thinking.
• Children at this stage think more like adults than like younger children at earlier stages.
• They gain understanding of relational terms and seriation.
• They come to understand reversibility-the fact that physical changes can be undone by a reversal of the original action.
• They also begin to use concepts in describing and thinking about the physical world.
• Children in this stage begin to engage in logical thinking.

Hence, we can conclude that during the Concrete-Operational Stage of cognitive development, the child is able to overcome his 'egocentric' way of thinking.

The legislative section of the Indian constitution is divided into three lists including union, state and concurrent list. In beginning, the Indian constitution had defined 'education' as a subject of state matter but in 1976, it was transferred to the concurrent list through the enactment of the 42nd amendment.

Important Points

• The 42nd Amendment Act was perhaps one of the most controversial. Effected in 1976 during the Emergency by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the amendment restructured the Seventh Schedule ensuring that State List subjects like education, forest, protection of wild animals and birds, administration of justice, and weights and measurements were transferred to the Concurrent List.
• The Union List has a range of subjects under which the Parliament may make laws. This includes defense, foreign affairs, railways, banking, among others.
• The State List lists subjects under which the legislature of a state may make laws. Public order, police, public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries, betting and gambling are some of the subjects that come under the state

Additional Information

• The 42nd Amendment Act was perhaps one of the most controversial. Effected in 1976 during the Emergency by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the amendment restructured the Seventh Schedule ensuring that State List subjects like education, forest, protection of wild animals and birds, administration of justice, and weights and measurements were transferred to the Concurrent List.

 Reinforcement: Reinforcement as a term refers to the psychological process of motivating a person. Though used synonymously, there is a slight difference between motivation and reinforcement. 

• Reinforcement is something that enhances the strength of the response and prompts repetitions of the behavior that preceded reinforcement.

Key Points BF Skinner, an American psychologist proposed the Theory of operant conditioning in 1938. B. F. Skinner's experiments on operant conditioning won him worldwide fame. Skinner defined operant conditioning as the process of learning that elicits operant behavior. 

• Operant conditioning can be defined as a principle of learning in which behavior is maintained or changed through its positive or negative consequences.
• The basic principles of operant conditioning are that when a behavior occurs and is followed by reinforcement, it is more likely to occur again in the future.
• Dr. Skinner actually mapped out schedules of reinforcement in thousands of studies showing how the strength of reinforcement changed as a function of how often the reinforcer occurred. 

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that theory of reinforcement is also called the Operant conditioning theory proposed by B. F. Skinner.

Important Points Let us understand these two types of reinforcement.

• Positive Reinforcement: ​A behavior that is associated with a positive consequence or desirable outcome in the past will increase the chances of the behavior occurring again. This is called positive reinforcement.
  • For example, Irfan, a new manager in a company, began praising workers for submitting their reports on time. In a couple of weeks, this reinforcement by praise greatly increased on-time reports.
• Negative reinforcement: Learning can also take place if an undesirable consequence is avoided because of an action taken. This is called negative reinforcement. It can be used for children with Special Needs.
  • For example, if a student does not prepare for exams and gets fail marks (painful) and understands that studying can help avoid it in the future, then we can say he is negatively reinforced to study.

Bruner advocated the discovery learning approach. The learner should be presented with a problem situation and motivated to seek an alternative solution. Therefore, instruction based on Bruner's theory is learner-centered placing learners as active participants.

Key Points Discovery Learning was introduced by Jerome Bruner. It is considered a constructivist-based approach to education. It is also referred to as problem-based learning and experiential learning.

• ​Discovery Learning is a method of Inquiry-Based Instruction.
• This theory encourages learners to use past experiences and knowledge to form new experiences and knowledge.
• The learner is encouraged to use their intuition, imagination, and creativity, and search for new information to discover facts, correlations, and new truths.

Thus, it is concluded that Bruner introduced a learning method called discovery learning.

B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) was an American. His experiments on operant conditioning won him worldwide fame. Skinner defined operant conditioning as the process of learning that elicits operant behaviour. According to Skinner, there are two types of behaviours, namely respondent behaviour and operant behaviour

Important Points Experiment:-

• In his classic experiment, Skinner placed a semi-starved rat in the box.
• There was a lever that, after being pressed, released a mechanism to deliver a pellet of food to the rat.
• Initially, the rat is engaged in a number of random behaviours like walking, sniffing and scratching.
• None of these helped to get the food. At some point in time, the rat accidentally hit the lever and the food was delivered.
• Of course, for the semi-starved rat, this was a big reward.
• In Skinner's other famous experiment, a pigeon pecks the red ball and gets food. Because of food (reinforcement), the pigeon is likely to peck the same ball again and again. 
• During World War II, Skinner worked on a program called Project Pigeon – also known as Project Orcon, short for Organic Control – an experimental project to create pigeon-guided missiles.
• The pigeons were trained by Skinner to peck at a target, and they were rewarded with food when they completed the task correctly.
• The military canceled and revived Project Pigeon a couple of times, but Skinner’s ideas were never used in combat. “Our problem,” Skinner admitted, “was no one would take us seriously.” And by 1953, the military had devised an electronic system for missile guidance, so animal-guided systems were no longer necessary (if they ever were).

Result:-

• Skinner observed that after a few accidental manipulations of the lever, the rat started spending more time near the lever, and then deliberately pressed the lever whenever it was hungry. So now pressing the lever became a new operant for the rat.           
• Skinner further noted that if the pressing of the lever did not deliver food any longer, the operant behaviour by the rat decreased and gradually stopped altogether. This is known as the experimental extinction of operant conditioning.
• From the pigeon's experiment, he noted that the Right answers are immediately reinforced.

Hence, we can conclude that Skinner conducted his studies on rat and pigeon. 

Teaching Machine— a physical, mechanical device that administered multiple-choice questions, and only moved onto the next question when the student answered correctly.

Key PointsB.F.Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, and author. He propagated his own theory of learning.  

• Pressey (1926) developed a teaching machine. This machine provided an automatic scoring device to the learners for immediate feedback. So, this was the first step towards the formulation of systematic learning. Subsequently, the theory of B. F. Skinner (1953) on operant conditioning, whose main contribution was that human behavior could be shaped, opened a new chapter in the development of programmed learning materials.
• Skinner in the 1950's introduced a concept of "teaching machine" that differed from Pressey's in some ways. ―The teaching machine is composed of mainly a program, which is a system of combined teaching and test items that carries the student gradually through the material to be learned.
• The "machine" is composed of a fill-in-the-blank method on either a workbook or in a computer.
  • If the subject is correct, he/she gets reinforcement and moves on to the next question.
  • If the answer is incorrect, the subject studies the correct answer to increase the chance of getting reinforced next time.
• Teaching machines did not allow students to proceed with their tasks unless they understood the materials.
• The machines helped students to give the correct answer by "a logical presentation of material" (Skinner on Programmed Instruction) and by "hinting, prompting, suggesting, and so on, derived from an analysis of verbal behavior" (Skinner, 1958) ."A teaching machine or auto instructional device is a piece of apparatus designed to be operated by an individual student."

Important Points

• This apparatus has the following features:
  • There is a device for displaying the question or problem on the machine.
  • The student in response must do something overtly about the problem such as writing an answer or pushing a button to indicate the answer.
  • The student is informed by the machines through some device whether his answer is correct or incorrect and sometimes, why he is right or wrong.
• The whole idea behind this was to teach classroom subjects such as maths, spelling, etc. using a mechanical device that would also surpass the usual classroom experience.

Therefore, teaching machines were popularized by Skinner on the  idea of creating a system of teaching based on individual needs and behavioral psychology principles.

Vygotsky’s theory of Sociocultural development is proposed by Lev Vygotsky. He is a Russian scientist and he emphasizes the role of society and culture in the development of the child.

Key Points Vygotsky proposed three needs of the children in his theory during learning:

• Zone of proximal development
• Scaffolding
• More knowledgeable others (MKO).

 In the Vygotskian classroom, Vygotsky considered these three needs of the children.

• When a group of students works on the same task, where they help each other (scaffolding), they lead one another, they consider the thought of each student, and they cooperate with each other this type of teaching skill are known as Cooperative teaching.
• In the given question, the task performed by the students is an example of cooperative teaching.
• So, Option (2) is the correct answer.

Important Points Characteristics of the Cooperative teaching:

• Positive interdependence: refers to the fact that students should work together in order to achieve the goal. In this case, they can also learn from each other. 
• Group processing: it requires group members to assess their functions in a group with a focus on positive behavior and actions.
• Interpersonal and social skills: constructive feedback that students receive in a group can help them build their interpersonal and social skills.
• Promotive interactions: it refers to the students’ interactions to achieve the goal. They interact verbally in a group which can also result in their own learning of speaking and communicative skills. ​

Additional Information

• Reciprocal teaching: Reciprocal teaching refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions.
• Scaffolding: Temporary help is given to a child in learning by their peers, family members, teachers, etc.
• Inner speech: It is also known as silent speech, In this type of speech children remember things in their mind, they speak in their mind without sounding even a single word. this type of ability comes from approx 7 years.

Technology in education refers to the use of technological hardware in education. While the technology of education deals with the systematic application of the resources of scientific knowledge of the processes of learning that everyone has to pass through in order to acquire and use knowledge. 

Key Points

Technology in education ensures professional development by providing an opportunity to transform teachers' practices by providing them:

• new educational approaches.
• improved educational content.
• innovative pedagogical strategies.
• effective digital presentation tools.
• more interactive educational materials.
• more effective teaching and learning methods.

The purpose of ICTs in education is for the following activities:

• Effective Teaching-learning process.
• Diagnostic Testing and Remedial teaching to assess and optimize learning outcomes.
• Evaluation activities to assess the learning outcomes
• Psychological analysis of learners.
• Development of creativity, reasoning, and thinking abilities among students.
• Instructional material development.
• Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education is the mode of education that uses information and communications technology to support, enhance, and optimize the delivery of information. Hence, The education of the present times places great emphasis on technology
• Worldwide research has shown that ICT can lead to improved student learning and better teaching methods.

Hence, we can conclude that the education of the present times places great emphasis on technology, and Technology in education nurtures creativity among children.

Important Points 

Operant conditioning:- B.F Skinner propounded this theory as a way of learning by means of rewards and punishments.

Key Points 

• Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning. 
• It is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.
• This type of conditioning holds that certain behavior and a consequence, either a reward or punishment, have a connection that brings about learning.
• Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a
• Behavior and a consequence, whether negative or positive, for that behavior.

Thus, it is concluded that Learning through reward and punishment is related to Operant conditioning learning.

Hint 

• Classical conditioning:- Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist propounded the Classical conditioning theory which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
• Social learning:- Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating behaviors, and attitudes.
• Observational learning is the process of learning from other people's behaviors. The intended behavior is observed, retained, and then imitated. The majority of children engage in observational learning, also referred to as shaping and modeling, as they imitate the actions of adults.