Evolution MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Evolution - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Key Points 

• The genetic diversity decreases. A bottleneck event refers to a sudden and drastic reduction in population size.
• This reduction in population size leads to a loss of genetic diversity, as only a small portion of the original genetic variation in the population is represented in the new, smaller population.
• The decrease in genetic diversity can have important consequences for the adaptation and survival of the population in the future.
• Option A: This statement is incorrect.
• A bottleneck event leads to a reduction, not an increase, in genetic diversity.
• Option B: This statement is correct.
• A bottleneck event leads to a decrease in genetic diversity, as only a small portion of the original genetic variation in the population is represented in the new, smaller population.
• Option C: This statement is incorrect.
• A bottleneck event leads to a reduction in genetic diversity, not a stability of it.
• Option D: This statement is incorrect.
• A bottleneck event leads to a reduction, not an increase, in genetic complexity. In fact, the reduction in genetic diversity can simplify the genetic makeup of the population.

Solution

The Correct answer is Palaeontology

Key Points

• Paleontology is the scientific study of the life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils.
• It tells us about the ecologies of the past, evolution, and our place, as humans, in the world.
• The occurrence of such fossil fuels is frequently associated with the presence of the remains of certain ancient life forms.
• It has led to the origination and eventual destruction of the different types of organisms since life arose.

 Important Points

Pedagogy

• Pedagogy refers to the way of teaching students, whether it is the theory or practice of educating. It is a relationship between the culture and techniques of learning.
• It is referred to as an educator’s understanding of how the students learn.
• The main aim of pedagogy is to build on previous learning of the students and work on the development of skills and attitudes of the learners.
• The first of these is imitation. The learner seeks to copy the actions of the teacher and in the process incorporate into their behaviors the observed characteristics of the teacher.

Dendrochronology

• Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, is the study of growth rings in deciduous trees to identify absolute dates of woods.
• Tree rings are created by the tree as it grows in girth, and the width of a given tree ring is dependent on climate.
• This method was invented in the 1920s by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler.
• The applications are tracking climate change, identifying pending slope collapses, finding American trees in World War I trench construction, and using chemical signatures in tropical trees to identify past temperature and precipitation.
• It is also used to calibrate radiocarbon dates.

Nidology

• Nidology means the study of birds’ Nests.
• It deals with types, their making mechanism, importance, evolution, and other related functions of a bird’s nest.
• Bird’s nests will depend on the habitat, egg-laying season, and resources available from the surroundings.

The correct answer is The process where organisms evolve into multiple species from a common ancestor in a geographically isolated area.

Concept:

• Adaptive Radiation: This is the process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches. A classic example is Darwin's finches, which evolved from a common ancestor into multiple species with different beak shapes on the Galápagos Islands, each adapted to a different type of food source.
• Convergent Evolution: Refers to the process where organisms develop similar traits independently due to similar environmental pressures, but not from a common ancestor. For example, the similar streamlined bodies of dolphins and sharks.
• Extinction through Competition and Natural Selection: This involves the process where species become extinct because they are outcompeted by other species or cannot adapt to changes in their environment.
• Use and Disuse Theory: An outdated theory proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck which suggests that organisms evolve over time based on the use or disuse of their organs or structures. This theory has been largely debunked by modern evolutionary biology.

Explanation:

• Option a: Describes convergent evolution, not adaptive radiation.
• Option b: Correctly describes adaptive radiation, highlighting the diversification of species from a common ancestor in different ecological niches, often in a geographically isolated area.
• Option c: Relates to the concept of extinction through competition and natural selection, not adaptive radiation.
• Option d: Refers to Lamarck's theory of use and disuse, which is not related to adaptive radiation.

The correct answer is Numbat, Spotted cuscus, Flying phalanger

Concept:

• The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation.
• Examples includes Darwin finches and Australian marsupials.

Explanation

• A number of marsupials, each different from the other evolved from an ancestral stock, but all within the Australian island continent.
• When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area (representing different habitats), one can call this convergent
  evolution.
• Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals each of which appears to be ‘similar’ to a corresponding marsupial.

Fig: Australian Marsupials

Other Options:

• Tasmanian wolf (Thylacine), Bobcat, Marsupial mole: Bobcat is not a marsupial and is not native to Australia.
• Mole, Flying squirrel, Tasmanian tiger cat: Mole and Flying squirrel are not marsupials and are not native to Australia.
• Lemur, Anteater, Wolf: None of these are marsupials, nor are they native to Australia

The correct answer is option 1.

Explanation:

• Darwin’s Finches of Galapagos islands: Adaptive radiation
  • The process of evolution of different species in a geographical area starting from a point and then radiating to another habitat is called adaptive radiation.
  • Ex. Darwin finches on Galapagos island.
  • Different varieties of finches were found on the same island, the difference was in their beak.
  • There were seed-eating finches, insectivores, and vegetarian finches.
  • They are the result of natural selection.
• Herbicide-resistant weeds
  • ​Extensive use of pesticide/herbicides in agriculture has resulted in herbicide-resistant weed varieties.
  • This is a result of anthropogenic activities.
• ​Drug-resistant eukaryotes
  • ​Excessive use of antibiotics against bacteria or drugs against eukaryotic organisms has resulted in the development of drug-resistant varieties.
  • This is also a result of anthropogenic activities.
• Man-created breeds of domesticated animals like dogs
  • ​Breeding of domesticated animals like cows, cattle, and meat-producing animals for more milk, meat, etc., and dogs for the convenience of humans is an example of evolution as a result of anthropogenic activities.

So, the correct answer is option 1.​

The correct answer is Oparin and Haldane.

Explanation:

• Oparin of Russia and Haldane of England proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e., formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents.
• The conditions on earth were high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing CH4, NH3, etc.
• He created electric discharge in a closed flask containing CH4, H2,NH3 and water vapour at 8000C. He observed formation of amino acids. In similar experiments others observed, formation of sugars, nitrogen bases, pigment and fats.

Other Options:

• Darwin: Charles Darwin is known for his theory of evolution by natural selection, not for the origin of life from non-living organic molecules.
• Lamarck: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is known for his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
• Thomas Malthus: Thomas Malthus is known for his work on population growth and its effects on resources.

The correct answer is Convergent evolution

Explanation:

• Analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity.
• The flippers of penguins and dolphins are an example of convergent evolution. This is because both species, though not closely related, have developed similar body structures – flippers – to adapt to similar environmental pressures (i.e., moving efficiently through water).
• Other examples include (i) the eye of the octopus and of mammals and (ii) Sweet potato (root modification) and Potato (stem modification)

Other Options:

• Divergent evolution: This process occurs when two species that share a common ancestor evolve different traits, leading to increased differences over time. It results in homologous structures, which are similar due to shared ancestry but may differ in function. For example, the limbs of humans and the wings of bats are homologous structures.
• Genetic drift: This is a mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) in a population. 
• Point mutations: These are changes that occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. 

The correct answer is Gene pool

Concept:

• Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: A principle that states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
• Five factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
• These are gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection.

Explanation:

• Natural Selection: This is a process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing these traits to the next generation. It causes changes in allele frequencies, disrupting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
• Genetic Drift: This refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population, especially in small populations. These random changes can lead to significant genetic differences over time, affecting the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
• Gene Migration: Also known as gene flow, this is the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. This movement of genes can introduce new alleles into a population, altering allele frequencies and disrupting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
• Gene Pool: The total set of different alleles in an interbreeding population. The gene pool itself does not affect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium directly; it is simply a representation of the genetic diversity within the population. 

Explanation: 

• A) Gradual changes over long periods.: False. While this idea is associated with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through gradualism, de Vries emphasized the role of mutations rather than gradual changes.
• B) Large, sudden mutations: True. Hugo de Vries is known for his work on "mutations," particularly in his studies of the evening primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana). He proposed that these large, sudden mutations could lead to significant evolutionary changes, a concept that later contributed to the understanding of "saltationism," which posits that evolutionary change can occur in abrupt steps rather than gradually.
• C) Environmental adaptation: False. While environmental adaptation is a key concept in evolution, de Vries focused more on the role of mutations as a source of variation rather than adaptation as a process driven solely by environmental factors.
• D) Gene flow between populations: False. Gene flow refers to the transfer of genetic material between populations and does not specifically align with de Vries’s emphasis on mutations as a primary mechanism for evolution.

Conclusion: The correct answer is Large, sudden mutations. Hugo de Vries's work highlighted the significance of mutations as a driving force in the process of evolution

The correct answer is A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Explanation:

(A) Mesozoic Era - III. Birds & Reptiles
(B) Proterozoic Era - I. Lower invertebrates
(C) Cenozoic Era - IV. Mammals
(D) Paleozoic Era - II. Fish & Amphibia

• Mesozoic Era: This era is famously known as the "Age of Reptiles." It witnessed the dominance of dinosaurs and the first appearance of birds.
• Proterozoic Era: This era predates the explosion of complex, multicellular life. It is known for the emergence of simpler life forms like single-celled and colonial organisms, including early invertebrates.
• Cenozoic Era: This era is known as the "Age of Mammals." It saw the diversification and dominance of mammals after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
• Paleozoic Era: This era is known for significant evolutionary milestones, including the emergence and diversification of complex life forms such as fish and amphibians.