Sociology, Society and Social Sciences MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Sociology, Society and Social Sciences - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist, political economist, and historian comes from the classical sociological tradition.

Important Points

•  Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist, political economist, and historian comes from the classical sociological tradition. His ideas form one of the pillars of modern sociology, along with the works of Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx.
• Weber's best-known work delves into the relationship between religion and social structures, particularly his book, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism". 
• One of Weber's most significant concepts is his notion of "ideal types" - theoretical constructs that frame specific dimensions of social reality.
• Weber also developed a comprehensive typology of authority, divided into three ideal types: charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational. 

Additional Information  

Bronislaw Malinowski:

• Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) was a Polish anthropologist who is often considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists.His sociological tradition is underpinned by Functionalism and the method of Participant Observation. 
• In his seminal work, "Argonauts of the Western Pacific" (1922), he presented a detailed ethnographic study of the Trobriand Islanders, arguing that their complex exchange system, the Kula Ring, served crucial social functions.

Claude Lévi-Strauss:

• Claude Lévi-Strauss was a Belgian-born French anthropologist whose work had a profound impact on the social sciences, particularly in areas of anthropological theory and "structuralism."
• Structuralism, Lévi-Strauss's primary contribution, is based on the idea that people's behavior and perception are largely determined by inherent cognitive structures.
• Key aspects of his theory include: The Nature of the Human Mind, Binary Oppositions, Myth Analysis,Kinship and Social Organization.

Talcott Parsons:

• Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) was an American sociologist whoes work contributed to the development of what is known as structural functionalism, a theoretical perspective that analyzes society as a complex system striving for equilibrium.
• Some of his notable work in sociology includes: The Social System, Structural Functionalism, Pattern Variables, The Sick Role, Modernization Theory.

The correct answer is Needs it both for the sake of life and good life

Key Points

•  The most important reason for which man needs society is that Needs it both for the sake of life and good life
• Man needs society for his existence or survival.
• The human child depends on his parents and others for its survival and growth.
• The inherent capacities of the child can develop only in society.
• The ultimate goal of society is to promote good and happy life for its individuals.

For Weber, maintaining objectivity in social science doesn't mean eliminating the researcher's perspective or values. Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

• For Weber, maintaining objectivity in social science doesn't mean eliminating the researcher's perspective or values. Instead, Weber argued that the task of a social scientist is to acknowledge their personal bias or standpoint and to explicitly make clear the perspectives from which they're approaching the subject matter.

Additional Information Claude Lévi-Strauss

• Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908 – 2009) was a leading figure in the field of anthropology in the mid-20th century. He was known for his theoretical contributions to structural anthropology and is often associated with the development of structuralism, a theoretical paradigm influential not just in anthropology, but also in psychology, linguistics, and socio-cultural theory.
• One of his renowned accomplishments is his work on kinship and the "alliance theory." 
• Another notable achievement of Lévi-Strauss is his work on myth and narrative. In his four-volume work, "Mythologiques," he aimed to demonstrate that myths, in different societies, follow certain universal patterns of structure, which reflect fundamental processes of the human mind.

Auguste Comte

• Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857) was a French philosopher widely regarded as the "father of modern sociology." He founded the discipline of sociology and coined the term itself. Comte is known for his doctrine of positivism, a philosophical system recognizing only that which can be scientifically verified or logically proven, and thereby rejecting metaphysics and theism.

•  For Comte, the progression of human societies was categorized into the 'law of three stages':

  • Theological Stage: In this initial stage, humans explain natural phenomena through supernatural or divine powers. It's further divided into fetishism (nature worship), polytheism (worship of multiple gods), and monotheism (worship of a single god).

  • Metaphysical Stage: In this transitional stage, abstract entities or forces replace the gods. Nature is seen as holding inherent principles of action.

  • Positive or Scientific Stage: Here, explanations based on abstract forces or gods are replaced by ones based on scientific observations, experimentation, and comparisons. Humans seek knowledge that is demonstrable and positively affirmed.

Explanation:

• Divorce is derived from the Latin word divortium- apart
• Dissolution of the tie of marriage.
• The main reason for divorce in India is blaming each other & exposing each other's faults.
• Other Causes:
• Stress on the nuclear family.
• The fading of romantic love
• Changing role of women
• Cruelty over spouses
• Interference in law
• Mental problems
• Unplanned and not properly arranged marriage
• Education and economic independence of women
• Sexual maladjustment
• Social media 

Additional Information

• A consequence of Divorce:
• Broken family
• Defective social ties
• Social disorganization
• Individual disorganization
• Alcoholism 
• Remedial Measures of Divorce:
• Education about the proper selection of partner
• Family counselling agencies
• Family counselling courts
• Helps after divorce
• Understand the importance of marriages in social life

The correct answer is Having a sense of commitment to the job.  

Key PointsProfessional Ethics:

• Professional ethics are principles that govern the behavior of a person or group in a business environment.
• Following are the principles of professional ethics:
  • Honesty and truthfulness
  • Unbiased or just
  • Value to the public
  • Respect and concern
  • Punctuality and availability
  • Commitment to the job.
  • Protect confidentiality
  • Comply with laws

The correct answer is Bhil Seva Mandal and Adivasi Seva Mandal.

Key PointsBhil Seva Mandal and Adivasi Seva Mandal:

• Bhil Seva Mandal was established in 1922 in Dahod by Thakkar Bapa.
• The aim of this Mandal is to make tribal aware and to develop for them.
• Later he became president of Harijan Sevak Sangh.
• Thakkar Bapa became the member of  the servants of India society in 1914.
• The government of India issued a stamp in his honor in 1969.
• Bharatiya  Adimjati Sevak Sangh was founded in 1948 on his initiative.
• He was appointed the chairman of Excluded and partially Excluded areas a sub committee of the constituent assembly.
• In 1939 Mahatma Gandhi called him Father of Harijans.

The correct answer is the movement of an individual or people or groups from one status to another.  

Key Points

• Social mobility is defined as movement from one class or status position to another, it explains changes in social status.
• Following are the types of social mobility:
  • Horizontal mobility
  • Vertical mobility
  • Upward mobility
  • Downward mobility
  • Inter - generational mobility
  • Intra - generational mobility

Horizontal mobility: 

• This occurs when a person changes their occupation but their overall social standing remains unchanged.

Vertical mobility:  

• This refers a change in status of a person that causes change in their social position.
• It is the movement of an individual or people or groups from one statues to another.
• It can be ascending or descending.
• Ascending refers an individual moving from a group in a lower stratum to higher one.
• Descending mobility occurs when a person is in loses resulting in a move to lower stratum of society.

Upward mobility:  

• The movement from a lower class to the one above for example from working to middle class.

Downward mobility:  

• The movement from a class to the one below, for example from middle to working class.

Inter-generational mobility: 

• Movement between generations of a family, for example if an adult child become middle class through education even if they were born into a working class family.

Intra- generational mobility:  

• Movement of an individual from one class to another through the course of their life.
• It happens through changes in occupation for example from being a secretary to being a teacher.

The correct answer is Social Skills. 

Key PointsSocial Skills: 

• Social skills are the skills that promote effective communication with others.
• These skills are important for a satisfactory personal and professional life.
• Social skills include written, verbal, nonverbal, and visual communication used to relay a message to others.
• Common ways in which we exercise our social skills are:
  • The language we use
  • The tone, and pitch volume of our voice
  • Physical gestures we make
  • Our face expressions
  • Our body language
  • Eye contact with others when communicating 

Additional InformationEducational Skills: 

• Critical thinking skills, patience, creative thinking, time management, computer skills come under educational skills.

Professional skills:  

• Professional skills are career competencies and abilities used in work place that are beneficial for nearly any job.
• Some examples of professional skills are active listening, problem solving, decision making, team work, time management etc.

Technical Skills: 

• Technical skills are specialized knowledge and expertise required to perform specific task and use specific tools and programs in real world situations.
• Some examples of technical skills are Data Analysis, Web Development, Financial Management, Bookkeeping, UX design etc.

The correct answer is According to value of goods and services.

Key Point

• The Jajmani system is a traditional social and economic system in rural India, in which members of different castes provide specific services to members of other castes in exchange for specific goods or services.
• The system is based on reciprocal relationships between different castes, and the exchange of services is often determined by the value of the services being provided.
• In the Jajmani system, each caste group has its own specific duties and responsibilities.
• The higher castes, or Jajmans, provide services such as protection, political support, and other services to the lower castes, or Kamins.
• In return, the Kamins provide services such as cooking, cleaning, and other household tasks.
• The exchange in the Jajmani system is often based on the value of the services being provided.
• For example, a higher caste Jajman may provide political support and protection to a lower caste Kamin in exchange for services such as cooking and cleaning.
• The value of the services exchanged may be determined by the social status of the caste groups involved, as well as other factors such as the complexity of the task being performed.

Overall, the Jajmani system is a complex and nuanced system of reciprocal obligations in rural India, in which the exchange of services is primarily based on the value of the goods or services being provided.

The correct answer is Patriarchy.

Key Points

• Patriarchy is an institutionalized social system in which men dominate over others, but can also refer to dominance over women specifically.
• It can also extend to a variety of manifestations in which men have social privileges over others to cause exploitation or oppression, such as through male dominance of moral authority and control of the property.
• Patriarchal societies can be patrilineal or matrilineal, which means that property and title are passed down through the male or female bloodline.
• Patriarchy is connected with a system of views, a patriarchal ideology, that aims to explain and justify male domination by blaming it on natural gender differences.
• Sociologists disagree over whether patriarchy is a social product or the result of inherent gender disparities.
• According to sociobiologists, the roots of inequality may be traced back to the dawn of humanity and are primarily attributable to genetic and reproductive inequalities between men and women.
• Gender disparity is an intrinsic element of human social systems, according to this idea, which is strongly aligned with evolutionary psychology.