Artificial seeds are prepared by

The correct answer is encapsulating somatic embryos in an alginate matrix.

Concept:

• Artificial seeds, also known as synthetic seeds, are a technology used in plant propagation and biotechnology. They are primarily created by encapsulating plant somatic embryos in a protective coating, which can then be used to grow new plants.
• Somatic embryos are derived from somatic (non-reproductive) cells and can develop into complete plants, much like zygotic embryos.
• The encapsulation in an alginate matrix provides protection to the somatic embryos and facilitates handling, storage, and sowing.

Explanation:

• Encapsulating somatic embryos in an alginate matrix: This is the correct method for preparing artificial seeds. The process involves taking somatic embryos, which are plant cells that can develop into a complete plant, and encasing them in an alginate gel. This gel acts as a protective layer, mimicking the natural seed coat, and allows the embryos to be stored and handled like true seeds. The alginate also provides a controlled environment for the embryo to germinate when placed in suitable conditions.
• Encapsulating endosperm and zygotic embryo in alginate matrix: This option is incorrect. The artificial seed technology specifically involves somatic embryos, not zygotic embryos (which are the product of sexual reproduction) or endosperm (which provides nutrition to the developing embryo in natural seeds).
• Growing plants in artificial light: This option is incorrect. While artificial light can be used in plant growth and tissue culture, it is not related to the creation of artificial seeds.
• Growing unfertilized ovary and ovule on MS basal medium: This option is incorrect. While tissue culture techniques can involve growing plant tissues on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium, this process does not pertain to the creation of artificial seeds.