Which of the following statements about Virashaivism is/are correct?

1. The Virashaivism traces its origin to the five great religious teachers- Renuka, Daruka, Ghantakarna, Dhenukarna and Vishvakarna.

2. The Virashaiva philosophy is called Shaktivishishtadvaita-the non-duality of God.

3. Ashtavarana are the eight rules of the Virashaivism to be observed by the followers.

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

The correct answer is 3 only.

Key PointsVirashaivism

• Virashaivism, also known as Lingayatism, is a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in India. It originated in the 12th century in Karnataka.
• The Virashaivas worship Shiva in the form of a Linga, a symbol representing the universe and the formless God.
• The philosophy of Virashaivism is often described as Shakti Vishishtadvaita, which combines the concept of personal god with Advaita (non-duality) philosophy.
• Ashtavarana refers to the eight shields or coverings that protect and guide a devotee on the spiritual path within Virashaivism.
  • These include Guru (teacher), Linga (symbol of Shiva), Jangama (wandering monks), Padodaka (sanctified water), Prasada (sanctified offerings), Vibhuti (sacred ash), Rudraksha (sacred beads), and Mantra (sacred chant).
• The origin of Virashaivism is traditionally attributed to the five Panchacharyas (great teachers), not the individuals mentioned in statement 1. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• While Virashaivism does emphasize a unique philosophy, the term Shaktivishishtadvaita is not commonly used to describe it. The philosophy is more accurately described as a form of qualified non-dualism, focusing on the unity of the soul with the absolute (Shiva), but this specific term is not traditionally associated with it. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• The Ashtavarana are indeed an essential aspect of Virashaiva practice, emphasizing various forms of devotion and worship towards Shiva. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Additional Information

• Virashaivism places a strong emphasis on personal devotion and a direct relationship with God, bypassing the traditional Hindu caste system and priesthood. This has made it a movement of social reform and spiritual democracy.
• The Linga worn by followers, usually around the neck, is a distinctive practice of Virashaivism, symbolizing the presence of Shiva at all times with the devotee.
• Basavanna, a 12th-century philosopher and statesman, is one of the most revered figures in Virashaivism. He propagated the principles of equality, community service, and devotion to Shiva.
• Virashaivism contributed significantly to the Kannada literature and culture, with Vachana Sahitya being a prominent literary form expressing mystical devotion.