Which of the following statements are true about social reform movement in Kerala ?

(i) It was initiated and led by the middle class under the influence of western ideas.

(ii) They had a critical attitude towards traditional institutions, beliefs and social relations.

(iii) They seldom criticised caste hierarchy.  

The correct answer is Option 1 (Only (i) and (ii)).

Key Points

• The social reform movement in Kerala was initiated and led by the middle class, influenced by western ideas.
• The reformers were critical of traditional institutions, beliefs, and social relations, promoting modernization and equality.
• They targeted issues like untouchability, caste discrimination, and gender inequality to bring progressive changes to society.
• The reformers were critical of the caste hierarchy, which was deeply entrenched in Kerala's social structure.

Important Points

• The social reform movements in Kerala were inspired by western education and rationalist ideologies introduced by the British.
• Key leaders like Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali, and Chattampi Swamikal played significant roles in breaking down caste barriers and advocating for equality.
• Reformers aimed to modernize society, focusing on education, women's rights, and the elimination of oppressive practices.

Additional Information

• Statement (i): The middle-class population in Kerala, educated under the colonial education system, played a leading role in initiating social reforms, influenced by western liberal and rational ideas.
• Statement (ii): Reformers critically examined and questioned traditional institutions such as caste hierarchy, untouchability, and superstitious beliefs, advocating for a more egalitarian society.
• Statement (iii): This statement is incorrect. Social reformers in Kerala, particularly Sree Narayana Guru and Ayyankali, strongly criticized the caste hierarchy and worked actively to dismantle it.
• Social Reform Leaders: Sree Narayana Guru emphasized the idea of "One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind" and established temples that were open to all castes. Ayyankali worked for the upliftment of the lower castes, particularly the Pulayas, and fought for their right to education.
• Significance: These movements laid the foundation for a more progressive and inclusive society in Kerala, leading to significant changes in the social structure and mindset of the people.