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Home / UPSC Editorials / Indo-Bangladesh Relations

Indo-Bangladesh Relations: History, Recent Advancements & their Significance

Last Updated on Jul 16, 2024
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Indo-Bangladesh Relations: History, Recent Advancements & their Significance

Source: East Asia Forum

The bilateral relationship between India and Bangladesh has seen remarkable progress over the past decade. This is largely due to the relentless commitment of Prime Ministers Sheikh Hasina and Narendra Modi. Their efforts have turned India and Bangladesh into indispensable partners, heralding a new era of cooperation. It is fitting that PM Modi hosted Sheikh Hasina for the first state visit of his third term. This highlights the importance of this dynamic relationship.

Outcomes of the India Bangladesh Bilateral Meeting

The recent bilateral meeting between India and Bangladesh yielded several significant outcomes. Enhanced trade relations were a primary focus, with agreements to address imbalances on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) aimed at boosting economic ties. Progress was also made on the contentious issue of water sharing. This was particularly regarding the Teesta river, signaling a move toward equitable and sustainable solutions. On border management, both nations agreed to improve coordination and adopt joint measures to enhance security, reduce illegal activities, and address border skirmishes, backed by better infrastructure and advanced technology.

Energy cooperation saw new projects and agreements for cross-border electricity trade and renewable energy initiatives. Cultural and educational exchanges were also expanded, with increased scholarships and joint cultural festivals to foster stronger people-to-people connections. Additionally, India pledged further development aid for Bangladesh. It would cover infrastructure, healthcare, and education, alongside cooperation in managing the Rohingya refugee crisis. Defence and security collaboration deepened with plans for joint military exercises and counterterrorism efforts. Finally, strengthened connectivity was underscored by the development of new transportation projects. 

Historical Context of India-Bangladesh Relations

India and Bangladesh share a complex history rooted in the tumultuous period of Partition in 1947. The creation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) led to years of political and social discord. However, the watershed moment in their relationship came in 1971. India played a crucial role in Bangladesh's liberation war, leading to the formation of an independent Bangladesh. Despite this historic collaboration, subsequent decades were marred by political differences and border disputes. It is only in recent years, particularly under the leadership of Sheikh Hasina and Narendra Modi, that the relationship has seen a concerted effort towards lasting collaboration and mutual development.

Recent Advancements in Indo-Bangladesh Relations

The past decade has seen transformative advancements in India-Bangladesh relations across multiple areas. Frequent high-level meetings between Prime Ministers Sheikh Hasina and Narendra Modi have strengthened diplomatic ties. The ties have been exemplified by the initiation of comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA) negotiations. Connectivity projects such as the restoration of the Chilahati-Haldibari rail link and the expansion of the Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade (PIWTT) have facilitated smoother transport and commerce. Trade volumes have increased, supported by cooperative ventures like the Rampal Power Plant.

Energy cooperation has been reinforced through cross-border electricity trade and joint projects. Defence ties have been fortified with joint military exercises and training programs. Additionally, cultural exchanges and eased visa protocols have enhanced people-to-people connections. Digital collaborations are emerging, focusing on IT and cyber security, while health and educational exchanges continue to grow. These advancements reflect a deepening and broadening of the bilateral partnership, setting the stage for a robust and dynamic future.

Areas of Cooperation Between India and Bangladesh

The areas of cooperation between India and Bangladesh are broad and varied, demonstrating the comprehensive nature of their partnership:

  • Connectivity: This includes the development of road, rail, and river links to facilitate easier and more efficient movement of people and goods.
  • Trade and Commerce: With Bangladesh being one of India’s most important trading partners, both countries are looking forward to enhancing trade through the CEPA.
  • Energy Cooperation: Cross-border electricity trade and energy grid integration stand as crucial areas.
  • Defence Collaboration: Plans to modernize the bilateral defence relationship are on the anvil, aiming at joint training programs, defence industrial partnerships, and support for the modernization of Bangladesh's armed forces.
  • Digital Cooperation: Building digital bridges for better communication and data exchange.

Significance of Bangladesh to India

  • Geopolitical Importance: Bangladesh is crucial for India’s connectivity with its northeastern states. The 2015 Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) resolved longstanding border disputes, enhancing regional stability.
  • Economic and Trade Relations: Trade between the two countries was worth approximately $10 billion in 2020-21. The potential Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) aims to further increase this trade volume.
  • Cultural and Historic Ties: The shared history and cultural heritage, highlighted by the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, continue to foster deep connections. The Maitree Express and the Bandhan Express rail services symbolize these ties.
  • Regional Stability: Ensuring a stable Bangladesh is crucial for India's regional security. Cooperation in managing cross-border issues and refugee crises, like the Rohingya situation, showcases this importance.
  • Counterterrorism and Security: Enhanced security cooperation includes joint exercises and intelligence sharing to combat terrorism. The Border Security Force (BSF) and Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB) regularly conduct joint patrols.

Significance of India to Bangladesh

  • Economic and Development Assistance: India has extended $8 billion in lines of credit to Bangladesh. It is the highest amount offered to any country, for infrastructure and development projects, including the Padma Bridge Rail Link.
  • Trade and Market Access: India offers duty-free, quota-free access to Bangladeshi products under SAFTA, boosting exports. In 2020-21, Bangladesh's exports to India stood at around $1.1 billion.
  • Healthcare and Education: Many Bangladeshi students study in Indian institutions, and patients often visit India for advanced medical treatments. Scholarships through the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) support these educational exchanges.
  • Defence and Security Cooperation: Defence collaborations include joint military exercises like SAMPRITI and maritime exercises in the Bay of Bengal. These enhance Bangladesh's operational capabilities.
  • Infrastructure and Connectivity: Major projects include the Akhaura-Agartala rail link and the restoration of the Chilahati-Haldibari rail route. These initiatives improve bilateral connectivity and economic integration.
  • Cultural Exchanges: Regular cultural festivals, such as the Indian Cultural Festival in Bangladesh, and official celebrations of shared heritage events like Martyrs' Day and International Mother Language Day, enhance mutual cultural understanding.

Areas of Concern in India-Bangladesh Relations

  • Border Management and Security: Border issues persist despite the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA). Border skirmishes and illegal cross-border activities, including smuggling and human trafficking, are ongoing concerns.
  • River Water Sharing: Disputes over the sharing of transboundary rivers like the Teesta continue to affect bilateral relations. Water management and equitable distribution remain contentious issues.
  • Trade Imbalance: A significant trade imbalance exists. Indian exports to Bangladesh far exceeds Bangladeshi exports to India. This can lead to economic frustration and calls for more equitable trade policies.
  • Illegal Immigration: The issue of illegal immigration from Bangladesh into India, particularly in Assam and West Bengal, creates socio-political tensions and strains bilateral relations.
  • Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Bangladesh hosts a large number of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar. There is apprehension about the implications for regional security and stability, affecting India’s strategic calculations.

What are the Measures to Strengthen the Indo-Bangladesh Relations?

  • Enhanced Border Cooperation: Strengthen mechanisms for better border management, including increased joint patrols, improved border infrastructure, and efficient use of technology to prevent illegal activities.
  • Water Sharing Agreements: Expedite negotiations on the Teesta and other river water sharing agreements to reach equitable and sustainable solutions. Establish joint river management teams for better cooperation.
  • Balanced Trade Policies: Work towards reducing the trade imbalance by increasing market access for Bangladeshi products in India. Facilitate business collaborations and investments through trade fairs and expos.
  • Comprehensive Immigration Policies: Develop a comprehensive framework to address illegal immigration, including better border surveillance and mutually agreed policies on migrant labor.
  • Joint Handling of Refugee Crisis: Cooperate on regional approaches to address the Rohingya crisis. This includes humanitarian aid and exploring possibilities for safe and voluntary repatriation.
  • People-to-People Ties: Promote cultural exchanges, student scholarships, and tourism to deepen mutual understanding and goodwill. Initiatives like visa-free travel for certain categories may enhance relations.
  • Regular Diplomatic Dialogue: Institutionalize regular high-level dialogues to address and resolve issues promptly. Mechanisms like Joint Consultative Commissions can help in anticipating and mitigating potential conflicts.
  • Enhanced Security Cooperation: Strengthen intelligence sharing and joint counterterrorism efforts to address common security threats. Regular military and maritime exercises can boost mutual trust and operational interoperability.

Conclusion

India and Bangladesh have made significant strides in their bilateral relationship. It is characterized by a deepening and broadening of ties in various sectors. While challenges remain, the shared vision of Prime Ministers Sheikh Hasina and Narendra Modi provides a robust framework for future cooperation. By addressing unresolved issues and expanding areas of collaboration, the two nations stand well-positioned to transform their bilateral relations into a model partnership that contributes to regional stability and prosperity.

Analysis based on Editorial India-Bangladesh ties: A shared vision published in The Indian Express on June 24, 2024
Topics for UPSC Prelims Border Security

CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement)

Teesta River

Cross-Border Energy Trade

Cultural Festivals

Joint Military Exercises

Rail and Road Connectivity

Development Aid

Rohingya Crisis
Topics for UPSC Mains India-Bangladesh Bilateral Relations

Trade Imbalance and Economic Partnerships

Transboundary Water Disputes

Strategic Border Management

Renewable Energy Collaboration

Cultural Diplomacy

Military and Security Cooperation

Infrastructure and Connectivity

Humanitarian Assistance and Refugee Management

Regional Stability and Counterterrorism Efforts

UPSC Previous Year Questions on Indo-Bangladesh Relations

Q1. Analyze the impact of hydro politics on Indo-Bangladesh relations. (UPSC CSE 2020)

Q2. Discuss the steps required to realise ‘hydro-co-operation’ between India and Bangladesh. (UPSC CSE 2022)

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