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Home / IAS Preparation / Ahmadnagar Kingdom

Ahmadnagar Kingdom: Polity, Economy, Religion, Culture And More!

Last Updated on Nov 29, 2024
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The Nizam Shahi dynasty ruled the Ahmadnagar kingdom, which was situated in the northwest Deccan between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur. After defeating the Bahmani army headed by General Jahangir Khan on May 28, 1490, Malik Ahmed, the Bahmani governor of Junnar, declared his independence and established the Ahmednagar dynasty. His initial headquarters were in the town of Junnar, which included a fort that was eventually renamed Shivneri. The foundation for Ahmadnagar, the new capital, was laid in 1494. Finally, the sultanate was annexed to the Mughal Empire in 1636 by Aurangzeb, who was the viceroy of Deccan at the time.

In this article, we will explore the history of the Ahmadnagar kingdom. This forms a significant part of the UPSC IAS exam, and questions related to this topic are seen in Prelims, UPSC Mains Paper I, and UPSC History Optional. This topic is equally essential for the UGC NET History exam, as 5-6 questions are asked every year about the political history of India.

Polity

The father of Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I was a covert Hindu Brahmin Nizam-ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri. Malik Ahmad, the Bahmani governor of Junnar, established the Ahmednagar dynasty, defended his province against assaults, and declared independence.

Malik Ahmad died in 1510, and his seven-year-old son Burhan Nizam Shah I was placed in his place. Mukammal Khan, an official from the Ahmadnagar Kingdom, and his son were in charge of the kingdom during the early years of his rule. Shah Tahir Husaini instructed Burhan in the practice of Shi'i Islam. Hussain Nizam Shah I succeeded his father.

During the Battle of Talikota, Hussain served as a prominent representative for the Deccan Sultanates. Rama Raya was executed by Sultan Nizam Hussain after the war.

Hussain passed away in 1565, and his young son Murtaza Nizam Shah I, took over as king. His mother, Khanzada Humayun Sultana, served as a regent for a number of years while he was a minor. In 1572, Murtaza Shah seized Berar.

Ismail was given the throne, but Jamal Khan, the head of the Deccani faction in the court, held the real power. Following the death of Jamal Khan in the battle of Rohankhed in 1591, Ismail Shah was swiftly captured and imprisoned by his father, Burhan, who later rose to the throne as Burhan Nizam Shah II.

But Chand Bibi, his sister, resisted him. Chand Bibi became the regent for the new infant sultan, Bahadur Nizam Shah after she won the country. With the help of the Bijapur and Golconda Sultanates' forces, she repelled an attack by the Mughal Empire. Ahmadnagar kingdom was seized by the Mughals in July 1600 following Chand Bibi's passing, and the Sultan was put in prison.

The Mughals took control of Ahmadnagar City and the surrounding environs, but a sizable portion of the kingdom was still held by the powerful members of the Nizam Shahi family. Murtaza Nizam Shah II has crowned Sultan in a new capital city called Paranda by Malik Ambar and other Ahmadnagar officials in opposition to the Mughals. In the Ahmadnagar kingdom, Malik Ambar was appointed Vakil-us-Saltanat and prime minister.

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Economy

The Ahmadnagar kingdom had a booming economy. Malik Ambar's introduction of the revenue system was based on Raja Todarmal's introduction of the revenue system in Northern India, some regions of Gujarat, and Khandesh subahs. He spent years properly determining the average yield of lands before classifying lands as good or bad based on their fertility. He did away with revenue farming. The revenue was first set at two-fifths of the actual output in kind, but later the growers were given the option of paying in cash, which was roughly comparable to one-third of the yield. Although the average rent for each piece of land was set, the actual collections changed from year to year depending on the agricultural conditions.

Culture

The kingdom saw a golden age of architecture and art throughout the tenure of the dynasty's succeeding monarchs. The Deccan sultanate's oldest surviving school of art comes from the Ahmadnagar kingdom. There were built a variety of palaces, such as the Farah Bakhsh Bagh, Hasht Bihisht Bagh, and Lakkad Mahal, as well as mosques, bathing houses, hammams, tombs and other buildings. Under their rule, numerous Deccan forts, like the Fort of Junnar, Lohagad, etc., underwent significant improvements. During their rule, Daulatabad, which served as their secondary capital, was likewise fortified and built substantially. The Tarif-i Husain Shah Badshah-i Dakan and other manuscripts show how highly valued literature was in the reign.

Their dominion also promoted Sanskrit scholarship, as shown by the writings of Sabaji Pratap and Bhanudatta. Within a few years of its founding, the city of Ahmadnagar, created by the Nizam Shahs, was compared to Egypt and Baghdad. Given the Shi'i orientation of the dynasty, it was modelled after the great Persianate cities.

Also, Read About Rashtrakuta’s Art and Architecture!

Conclusion

Ultimately, Shahjahan reached agreements with the rulers of Bijapur and Golconda against Ahmadnagar's kingdom by using regional power struggles. It's interesting to note that the 1636 pact also anticipated that Bijapur would aid in bringing Shahji under Mughal rule. Udgir and Ausa forts soon fell under Mughal rule while Aurangzeb was governor.

Unexpectedly, Shahji made sure Aurengzeb captured Murtaza Nizam Shah, the last ruler of the Ahmadnagar kingdom, and that he found asylum with Bijapur, paving the way for the subsequent round of Mughal battles with the Deccan kingdoms.

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Ahmadnagar Kingdom FAQs

At the age of 88, Aurangzeb passed away in Ahmednagar on February 20, 1707.

On the northwest corner of the Deccan plateau, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur, lay the domain of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. The Nizam Shahi dynasty's initial capital was Junnar, but Bahri later laid the cornerstone for the new city, Ahmednagar, in the year 1494.

The well-known female ruler of Ahmednagar is Sultana Chand Bibi.

In November 1595, the Mughal Empire, led by Prince Murad, conquered Ahmednagar. Famine struck Chand Bibi's army, which was suffering. She made a peace-making decision in 1596 and gave Murad Berar in exchange for his retreat.

Malik Ahmed Shah Bahri founded the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, often known as the Nizam Shahi dynasty.

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