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Home / IAS Preparation / Amur Falcon

Amur Falcon: Conservation Status, Conservation Initiatives, Migration and Distribution!

Last Updated on Dec 05, 2024
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Amur Falcon or Falco amurensis is a small migratory bird of the falcon family. They breed in southeastern Siberia and northern China before migrating in large numbers across India to southern Africa. More than a million Amur Falcons migrate through Nagaland in India each year. The region is referred to as the Falcon Capital of the World. Manipur has banned hunting Amur falcons, and the Wildlife (Protection) Act protects them. Amur Falcons were featured in the COP 13 logo. It was a conference held in India per the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 

Amur Falcon is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam and is a significant part of the Environment in the General Studies Paper-3 syllabus and current events in UPSC prelims.

In this article, we shall see an overview of the Conservation Status, Conservation Initiatives, Migration, Distribution of Amur Falcon and other important facts for the UPSC exams.

About Amur Falcon

The Amur falcon or Falco amurensis is a species of falcon that is of average size. It weighs about 120 grammes and has a wingspan of 63 to 71 centimetres. 

Fig: Amur Falcon

The Male and female Falcon birds have distinct physical differences. It is an intriguing trait. 

  • The male has brownish-red thighs and a vent and is a dark sooty grey colour. 
  • A white lining on male falcon’s wings contrasts with the sooty grey feathers when it flies. 
  • On the other hand, the female exhibits the typical pattern seen in many falcon species.
  • Female falcon has a darker grey back and a chest with dark spots against a white background. 
  • Both the male and the female have an orange eye ring. Also, a beak base (also known as the cere), and feet, a common features among birds of prey. 
  • As with many bird species, the male is smaller than the female. The male typically weighs between 97-155 grams, while the female weighs between 110-188 grams.

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Migration and Distribution of Amur Falcon

The following map and table gives details about migration route and distribution of Amur Falcon.

Fig: Migration and Distribution of Amur Falcon

Season

Migration Route

Important Stopovers

Final Destination

Autumn

Amur falcons depart from their breeding grounds in northeastern Asia in autumn and fly south, passing through the Himalayas and pausing in Nagaland, India. They continue south, crossing the Indian Ocean for about four days, propelled by southwestward winds, until they arrive in Africa. From there, they fly south through east Africa and finally reach South Africa.

Nagaland, northeastern India

South Africa

Late Spring 

Amur falcons depart South Africa in late spring using the Somali Jet to fly northeast along the Horn of Africa. They cross the Arabian Sea from the Arabian peninsula and reach India by flying east and then northwards, arriving in April. They then fly further northwards to reach their breeding grounds in the Amur river region in northeastern Asia, avoiding the Himalayas.

India (arrival in April)

Breeding grounds in Amur river region in northeastern Asia

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Conservation and IUCN Status of Amur Falcon

According to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, the Amur Falcon is a protected species. It is listed in Schedule IV of the law. It is also listed as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. 

  • Hunting these birds or having their meat in your possession is a crime. It carries a penalty of up to three years in prison or a fine of up to Rs 5,000.

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Initiatives Towards Conservation of Amur Falcon

There have been several initiatives towards the conservation of the Amur Falcon. They are by government agencies and non-governmental organizations both. Some of these initiatives include:

  • The Manipur Forest Department has initiated various conservation programs for the Amur Falcon. 
    • Programs to protect the habitats of the Amur Falcon. 
    • One such program involves radio-tagging the birds. Radio tagging tracks their migration patterns and studies their behaviour.
  • Local communities have been involved in various conservation efforts.
    • Creating awareness about the importance of preserving the habitats of the Amur Falcon. 
    • Discouraging hunting and poaching.
  • Since 1983, India has been a signatory to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). It is a global treaty that aims to conserve migratory species and their habitats. Under this convention, it is mandatory to protect migratory birds. 
    • It includes the Amur Falcon during their migration. 
    • As a signatory to the convention, India has taken various measures. 
    • India has made sure that migratory birds and their habitats are preserved.
  • To protect migratory birds, the Indian government has put in place policies & programs. That includes the creation of protected areas and the preservation of wetlands.
  • The government has also started campaigns to spread awareness of the need to protect migratory bird habitats and the dangers they encounter on their lengthy migrations.
  • The Amur Falcon Festival has played a significant role in promoting ecotourism in the region. It also raises awareness about the importance of preserving the habitats of migratory bird species.

These initiatives have been successful in the following ways: 

  • Promoting awareness 
  • The importance of protecting the habitats of the Amur Falcon
  • Reducing the threats to their survival. 

However, more needs to be done to ensure the long-term survival of these migratory birds.

Also study about Global Environment Facility with this link!

Amur Falcon Festival

The Nagaland state of India hosted the first annual Amur Falcon Festival. They hosted to commemorate the arrival of the Amur Falcons during their migration. The town of Doyang, which is close to the Doyang Reservoir, is typically where the festival took place.

  • The Tamenglong district of Manipur hosted a day-long celebration of the 7th Amur Falcon Festival in November 2022. The Manipur Forest Department organized the festival. 
  • It was organized with the goal- 
    • Raising awareness about the Amur falcon, the longest-flying migratory bird in the world.
    • Its need for protection and conservation.

Visitors see many Amur Falcons gathered around the reservoir during the festival. The festival also features cultural activities such as:

  • Performances of music and dance from the past and a wide range of regional cuisines.
  • The festival has developed into a crucial conservation tool. 
  • It works to increase public awareness of the value of protecting these migratory birds' habitats.
  • Additionally, it has been effective in promoting ecotourism in the region. 
  • It gives the nearby communities another source of income. 

The Amur Falcon Festival has grown to be a well-liked occasion that draws both locals and tourists from all over the world.

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Interesting Facts About Amur Falcons
  • The fact demonstrates these birds' extraordinary adaptability and perseverance:
    • They can fly such great distances yearly for suitable breeding and wintering grounds.
    • Strong winds from the west are thought to help the Amur Falcons fly over India. 
    • The birds typically fly at altitudes above 1000 metres during their migration.
    • These winds tend to be particularly strong at around 3000 metres. 
  • These falcons have also been spotted in places far outside of their typical range. It is because of their propensity to fly great distances over the ocean. 
  • They migrate to Italy, Sweden, Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena, and the United Kingdom. 
    • This demonstrates the remarkable abilities of these birds & their capacity for environmental adaptation.

Ecology and Behaviour of Amur Falcon
  • Amur falcons primarily feed during late evenings or early mornings, capturing a diverse range of insects in flight or on the ground.
  • Their hunting techniques include capturing prey in flight, occasionally hovering, and alighting on the ground to pick up prey.
  • During the winter, their diet is predominantly composed of insects, but they also consume small birds, mammals, and amphibians to nourish their young in their breeding areas.
  • In Africa, the rainy season results in swarms of termites, locusts, ants, and beetles, providing abundant food for Amur falcons.
  • The migration of Amur falcons over the Arabian Sea aligns with the migration of dragonflies (Pantala flavescens), believed to serve as a crucial food source during the most challenging segment of their migration route.

Conclusion

The Amur Falcon is a small bird of prey that migrates. It travels thousands of kilometers annually from Siberia to Southern Africa. It is known for its spectacular mass migration. It has become a symbol of conservation efforts in India. It was previously hunted for food. Conservation efforts have led to a significant increase in their population.

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Amur Falcon FAQs

The Amur falcon is listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

On November 14, 2022, the Tamenglong district of Manipur hosted the 7th Amur Falcon Festival.

The Amur falcon faces various threats, including habitat loss, hunting, and poaching. In the past, the Amur falcon was targeted at a mass scale. It was in Nagaland, India, for consumption and sale in markets by the local population.

The Amur Falcon spends summers in breeding grounds in southeast Russia and northeast China. Then makes its winter migration to Southern Africa. A large number of birds pass through India while migrating. The northeastern states have the biggest congregations

Hunting or possessing Amur Falcons or their meat is punishable with imprisonment of up to 3 years or a fine of up to Rs 5,000 under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 in India.

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention, is a global treaty. It aims to conserve migratory species and their habitats. India has been a party to the CMS since 1983.

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