Quick Links
Quick Links
UPSC Exams
Latest Update
Coaching
UPSC Current Affairs
Syllabus
UPSC Notes
Previous Year Papers
UPSC Mains Previous Year Question Papers Last 25 Years UPSC Prelims Question Papers Last 10 Years UPSC Question Papers UPSC CSE Prelims 2025 Question Paper UPSC Mains 2024 Model Answers UPSC 2024 Question Papers UPSC 2023 Question Papers UPSC 2022 Question Papers UPSC 2021 Question Papers UPSC 2020 Question Papers UPSC 2019 Question Papers UPSC 2018 Question Papers UPSC 2017 Question Papers UPSC 2016 Question Papers UPSC 2015 Question Papers UPSC 2014 Question Papers UPSC CSAT Question Papers UPSC IFS Previous Year Paper UPSC Assistant Labour Commissioner Previous Question Year Papers UPSC Combined Geo Scientist Previous Year Paper UPSC APFC Previous Year Question Papers UPSC CMS Previous Year Question Paper UPSC EPFO Previous Year Paper UPSC Air Safety Officer Previous Year Papers UPSC SO Steno Previous Year Paper UPSC IES ISS Previous Year Question Papers
Mock Tests
UPSC Editorial
Bilateral Ties
Albania India Relations India Algeria Relations Andorra India Relations India Angola Relations India Antigua Barbuda Relations India Argentina Relations Austria India Relations India Azerbaijan Relations Bahamas India Relations India Bahrain Relations Barbados India Relations India Belarus Relations Belgium India Relations Belize India Relations Benin India Relations Bolivia India Relations India Bosnia Herzegovina Relations India Botswana Relations Brazil India Relations Brunei India Relations Bulgaria India Relations Burundi India Relations Cabo Verde India Relations India Cambodia Relations India Cameroon Relations Canada India Relations India Cayman Islands Relations India Central African Republic Relations India Chad Relations Chile India Relations India Colombia Relations India Comoros Relations India Democratic Republic Of The Congo Relations India Republic Of The Congo Relations India Cook Islands Relations India Costa Rica Relations India Ivory Coast Relations India Croatia Relations India Cyprus Relations India Czech Republic Relations India Djibouti Relations India Dominica Relations India Dominican Republic Relations India Ecuador Relations India El Salvador Relations India Equatorial Guinea Relations India Eritrea Relations Estonia India Relations India Ethiopia Relations India Fiji Relations India Finland Relations India Gabon Relations India Gambia Relations India Georgia Relations Germany India Relations India Ghana Relations India Greece Relations India Grenada Relations India Guatemala Relations India Guinea Relations India Guinea Bissau Relations India Guyana Relations India Haiti Relations India Holy See Relations India Honduras Relations India Hong Kong Relations India Hungary Relations India Iceland Relations India Indonesia Relations India Iran Relations India Iraq Relations India Ireland Relations India Jamaica Relations India Kazakhstan Relations India Kenya Relations India Kingdom Of Eswatini Relations India Kiribati Relations India Kuwait Relations India Kyrgyzstan Relations India Laos Relations Latvia India Relations India Lebanon Relations India Lesotho Relations India Liberia Relations Libya India Relations Liechtenstein India Relations India Lithuania Relations India Luxembourg Relations India Macao Relations Madagascar India Relations India Malawi Relations India Mali Relations India Malta Relations India Marshall Islands Relations India Mauritania Relations India Micronesia Relations India Moldova Relations Monaco India Relations India Montenegro Relations India Montserrat Relations India Morocco Relations Mozambique India Relations India Namibia Relations India Nauru Relations Netherlands India Relations India Nicaragua Relations India Niger Relations India Nigeria Relations India Niue Relations India North Macedonia Relations Norway India Relations India Palau Relations India Panama Relations India Papua New Guinea Relations India Paraguay Relations Peru India Relations India Philippines Relations Qatar India Relations India Romania Relations Rwanda India Relations India Saint Kitts And Nevis Relations India Saint Lucia Relations India Saint Vincent And Grenadines Relations India Samoa Relations India Sao Tome And Principe Relations Saudi Arabia India Relations India Senegal Relations Serbia India Relations India Sierra Leone Relations India Singapore Relations India Slovak Republic Relations India Slovenia Relations India Solomon Islands Relations Somalia India Relations India South Sudan Relations India Spain Relations India Sudan Relations Suriname India Relations India Sweden Relations India Syria Relations India Tajikistan Relations Tanzania India Relations India Togo Relations India Tonga Islands Relations India Trinidad And Tobago Relations India Tunisia Relations India Turkmenistan Relations India Turks And Caicos Islands Relations India Tuvalu Relations India Uganda Relations India Ukraine Relations India Uae Relations India Uruguay Relations India Uzbekistan Relations India Vanuatu Relations India Venezuela Relations India British Virgin Islands Relations Yemen India Relations India Zambia Relations India Zimbabwe Relations
Books
Government Schemes
Production Linked Incentive Scheme Integrated Processing Development Scheme Rodtep Scheme Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme Saathi Scheme Uday Scheme Hriday Scheme Samagra Shiksha Scheme India Nishta Scheme Stand Up India Scheme Sahakar Mitra Scheme Mdms Mid Day Meal Scheme Integrated Child Protection Scheme Vatsalya Scheme Operation Green Scheme Nai Roshni Scheme Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme Kalia Scheme Ayushman Sahakar Scheme Nirvik Scheme Fame India Scheme Kusum Scheme Pm Svanidhi Scheme Pmvvy Scheme Pm Aasha Scheme Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra Scheme Pradhan Mantri Lpg Panjayat Scheme Mplads Scheme Svamitva Scheme Pat Scheme Udan Scheme Ek Bharat Shresth Bharat Scheme National Pension Scheme Ujala Scheme Operation Greens Scheme Gold Monetisation Scheme Family Planning Insurance Scheme Target Olympic Podium Scheme
Topics
NASA Space Missions
NASA Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 7 (Aurora 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 8 (Sigma 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 9 (Faith 7) Mission NASA Gemini 3 Mission NASA Gemini 4 Mission NASA Gemini 5 Mission NASA Gemini 7 Mission NASA Gemini 8 Mission NASA Gemini 9 Mission NASA Gemini 10 Mission NASA Gemini 11 Mission NASA Gemini 12 Mission NASA Apollo 1 (AS‑204) Mission NASA Apollo 7 Mission NASA Apollo 8 Mission NASA Apollo 9 Mission NASA Apollo 10 Mission NASA Apollo 11 Mission NASA Apollo 12 Mission NASA Apollo 13 Mission NASA Apollo 14 Mission NASA Apollo 15 Mission NASA Apollo 16 Mission NASA Apollo 17 Mission NASA Skylab Orbital Workshop Mission NASA Skylab 2 Mission NASA Skylab 3 Mission NASA Skylab 4 Mission NASA Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Mission NASA STS‑1 Columbia Mission NASA STS‑3 Columbia Mission NASA STS‑7 Challenger Mission NASA STS‑8 Challenger Mission NASA STS‑41B Challenger Mission NASA STS‑41G Discovery (1st female EVA) Mission NASA STS‑51L Challenger (accident) Mission NASA STS‑26 Discovery (Return‑to‑Flight) Mission NASA STS‑31 Discovery (Hubble Launch) Mission NASA STS‑49 Endeavour (first capture EVA) Mission NASA STS‑61 Endeavour (Hubble Servicing 1) Mission NASA STS‑73 Columbia (microgravity) Mission NASA STS‑95 Discovery (John Glenn returns) Mission NASA STS‑107 Columbia (accident) Mission NASA STS‑114 Discovery (RTF‑2) Mission NASA STS‑120 Discovery (Node 2) Mission NASA STS‑125 Atlantis (Final Hubble Service) Mission NASA STS‑132 Atlantis Mission NASA STS‑135 Atlantis (Final Shuttle flight) Mission NASA Artemis I (Orion/ SLS‑1) Mission NASA Artemis II (Planned) Mission NASA Artemis III (Planned lunar landing) Mission NASA Mariner 4 Mission NASA Mariner 6 Mission NASA Mariner 7 Mission NASA Mariner 9 Mission NASA Viking 1 Orbiter/Lander Mission NASA Viking 2 Orbiter/Lander Mission NASA Mars Pathfinder & Sojourner Mission NASA Mars Global Surveyor Mission NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey Mission NASA Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit Mission NASA Mars Exploration Rover – Opportunity Mission NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission NASA Phoenix Mars Lander Mission NASA InSight Mars Lander Mission NASA Mars 2020 (Perseverance & Ingenuity) Mission NASA Mars Sample Return – SRL (planned) Mission NASA Pioneer 10 Mission NASA Pioneer 11 Mission NASA Voyager 1 Mission NASA Voyager 2 Mission NASA Galileo Jupiter Orbiter/Probe Mission NASA Cassini–Huygens Mission NASA New Horizons (Pluto & KBO) Mission NASA Juno Mission NASA Europa Clipper (planned) Mission NASA Parker Solar Probe Mission NASA Solar Orbiter (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA Surveyor 1 Mission NASA Lunar Orbiter 1 Mission NASA Lunar Prospector Mission NASA LCROSS Mission NASA LADEE Mission NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission NASA CAPSTONE Mission NASA VIPER Rover (planned) Mission NASA NEAR Shoemaker Mission NASA Deep Space 1 Mission NASA Stardust Mission NASA Genesis Mission NASA Deep Impact Mission NASA Dawn (Vesta/Ceres) Mission NASA OSIRIS‑REx Mission NASA Lucy Mission NASA DART Mission NASA Landsat‑1 (ERTS‑1) Mission NASA Landsat‑5 Mission NASA Landsat‑9 Mission NASA Terra Mission NASA Aqua Mission NASA Aura Mission NASA Suomi NPP Mission NASA Sentinel‑6 Michael Freilich Mission NASA ICESat‑2 Mission NASA GRACE‑FO Mission NASA SMAP Mission NASA GPM Core Observatory Mission NASA CALIPSO Mission NASA CloudSat Mission NASA NISAR (NASA‑ISRO) Mission NASA Explorer 1 Mission NASA COBE Mission NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Mission NASA Hubble Space Telescope Mission NASA Chandra X‑ray Observatory Mission NASA Spitzer Space Telescope Mission NASA WISE Mission NASA Kepler Mission NASA TESS Mission NASA Fermi Gamma‑ray Space Telescope Mission NASA NICER Mission NASA IXPE Mission NASA Roman Space Telescope (planned) Mission NASA NuSTAR Mission NASA GALEX Mission NASA Swift Mission NASA SOHO (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA Cluster II (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA TIMED Mission NASA STEREO‑A/B Mission NASA MMS Mission NASA IRIS Mission NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory Mission NASA X‑37B OTV‑1 (USAF/NASA liaison) Mission NASA X‑59 QueSST Mission NASA Mars Helicopter Ingenuity Mission NASA Valkyrie R5 Robot Mission NASA Low‑Boom Flight Demo Mission NASA CRS‑1 Dragon Mission NASA CRS‑1 Cygnus Mission NASA Crew Dragon Demo‑2 Mission NASA Starliner OFT‑2 Mission NASA STS-2 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-4 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-5 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-6 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-41C (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-41D (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-51A (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-61C (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-26 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-27 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-29 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-30 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-32 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-34 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-38 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-45 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-60 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-70 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-71 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-73 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-88 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-92 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-97 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-99 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-100 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-104 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-106 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-110 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-112 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-115 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-116 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-117 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-118 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-120 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-122 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-123 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-126 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-130 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA Vanguard 1 Mission NASA Transit 1B Mission NASA Echo 1 Mission NASA Telstar 1 Mission NASA Syncom 3 Mission NASA ATS‑6 Mission NASA Skynet Mission NASA Nimbus‑1 Mission NASA Nimbus‑7 Mission NASA ERS-1 Mission NASA SeaSat Mission NASA QuikSCAT Mission NASA Jason‑1 Mission NASA Jason‑3 Mission NASA ICESat Mission NASA Earth Observing‑1 Mission NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory‑2 Mission NASA CYGNSS Mission NASA PACE Mission NASA TRMM Mission NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder (cxl) Mission NASA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Mission NASA Explorer 33 Mission NASA Voyager Interstellar Mission Mission NASA Helios‑A Mission NASA Helios‑B Mission NASA ISEE‑3 (ICE) Mission NASA ACE Mission NASA DSCOVR Mission NASA IBEX Mission NASA Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager Mission NASA SAGE‑III ISS Mission NASA SPACE Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Mission NASA ARIEL (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA OSAM‑1 (Restore‑L) Mission NASA Dragonfly (Titan rotorcraft) Mission NASA VERITAS (Venus orbiter) Mission NASA DAVINCI (Venus probe) Mission NASA SPHEREx Mission NASA MAGGIE (Mars Geophysical) Mission NASA CLPS – Peregrine Mission NASA CLPS – VIPER Delivery Mission NASA CAPSTONE Mission NASA Gateway (HALO / PPE) Mission NASA Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (cxl) Mission NASA Mars Polar Lander (MPL) Mission NASA Mars Climate Orbiter Mission NASA Pathfinder Mission Mission NASA SLS Block 1B (Exploration Upper Stage) Mission NASA Orion Crew Module Mission NASA Commercial LEO Destinations – Axiom Station Mission NASA ISS Expedition 1 Mission NASA ISS Expedition 70 Mission NASA CRS‑11 (Dragon) Mission NASA CRS‑21 (Dragon 2) Mission NASA Snoopy CubeSat Mission
Home / IAS Preparation / Criticism Of The Amendment Procedure

Criticism of Amendment Procedure - 3 ways to Amend Constitution & More

Last Updated on May 08, 2023
Also Read Criticism Of The Amendment Procedure in Hindi
Download As PDF
IMPORTANT LINKS
Agriculture Notes For UPSC Public Administration UPSC Notes Modern History Books For UPSC Overseas Citizen Of India Caste System & Panchayati Raj Godavari River Federalism Indira Point New Development Bank Battle Of Sinhagad Sankalp And Strive Schemes Digital India High Yielding Varieties Economic Growth Development League Of Nations Ease Of Doing Business Mid Day Meal Scheme Wildlife Protection Act 1972 UPSC Notes International Union Conservation Nature

The amendment procedure of the Constitution of India has faced criticism on various grounds. One major criticism is that the procedure could be more flexible and easier. Amending the Constitution requires a two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament and ratification by at least half of the state legislatures. This stringent requirement makes it challenging to bring about necessary changes or address emerging issues promptly. Critics argue that the procedure should be more flexible to accommodate evolving needs and societal changes.

Criticism of the Amendment Procedure of the Constitution of India is important from the perspective of UPSC IAS Exams. It covers a significant part of the Polity subject in the Mains General Studies Paper-II syllabus and General Studies Paper-1 of the UPSC Prelims Syllabus.

In this article, let us look at the constitution amendment procedure and provisions, the Procedure for Amending the Constitution of India, criticism of the amendment procedure, the need for amendments, the impact of frequent amendments and judicial pronouncements in important cases such as the “Golaknath v State of Punjab” and “Keshavananda Bharati judgment (1973)” for the UPSC IAS Exam.

Check out the linked article on the Major Amendments of the Indian Constitution for UPSC exams now!

Criticism Of Amendment Procedure 
  • No provision for a Special Body: There is no separate body to modify the constitution, such as a Constitutional Convention (as in the case of the United States) or a Constitutional Assembly.
  • Exclusive to Parliament: The parliament can suggest a constitutional modification. Except in one circumstance, when adopting a resolution seeking the establishment or elimination of legislative councils in the states, state legislatures are not authorized to initiate any bill or proposal to alter the constitution.
  • Parliament can alter the majority of the constitution: The majority can be changed by parliament alone, using either a special majority or a simple majority. The approval of state legislatures is needed only in a few situations, and even then, only in half of them.
  • States have no authority to endorse or deny amendments: The constitution offers no provision for the state legislatures to confirm or refuse an amendment that is presented to them. It is also hushed on the question of whether nations can withdraw their permission after granting it.
  • No joint Sitting: If there is a deadlock over the passage of a constitutional amendment bill, there is no provision for a joint session of both houses of the parliament.
  • A process similar to that of Ordinary lawmaking: The process for amending a document is similar to the process for enacting legislation. The constitutional amendment legislation must be carried out by the parliament in the same way as other laws, with the exemption of the requirement of special majority.
  • Scope for judicial intervention: They offer a lot of scope for the courts to interfere.

FREEMentorship Program by
Ravi Kapoor, Ex-IRS
UPSC Exam-Hacker, Author, Super Mentor, MA
100+ Success Stories
Key Highlights
Achieve your Goal with our mentorship program, offering regular guidance and effective exam strategies.
Cultivate a focused mindset for exam success through our mentorship program.
2 Lakh+ Students Mentored Get
Get Free Mentorship Now
UPSC Beginners Program

Get UPSC Beginners Program SuperCoaching @ just

₹50000

Claim for free
Want to know more about this pass ?
Explore SuperCoaching

What Are Constitutional Amendments?
  • Making alterations to the constitution, considered the regulating law of the land, is known as a constitutional amendment.
  • Changing or modifying the constitution demands a formal modification to the written text of the nation’s constitution. It involves the addition of a new article or clause, the elimination of an existing article or clause, or the enhancement of existing articles.
  • The text of the constitution has also been amended in other aspects. The constitution’s modification necessitates it to go through a specific procedure, including passing it via multiple legislative assemblies before being sent to the president for ultimate approval and signature.

Check out the linked article on the 42nd Amendment Act for UPSC exams now!

What is the Procedure for Amending the Constitution of India?

The constitution amendment procedure of India involves the following steps:

  • Proposal: An amendment can be proposed by either house of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) or by a member of Parliament. The proposal must be made in the form of a bill.
  • Introduction: The amendment bill is introduced in either house of Parliament and must be passed by a majority of members present and voting.
  • Voting: After the bill's introduction, both houses of Parliament must pass it separately with a special majority. This requires a majority of the total membership of each house and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting.
  • Presidential Assent: Once both houses pass the amendment bill, it is sent to the President of India for assent. The President has the power to give or withhold assent.
  • State Ratification: In certain cases, if the amendment affects the federal structure of the Constitution, it requires ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.
  • Amendment: Once the President gives assent and the required state ratification is obtained, the amendment becomes a part of the Constitution.

The procedure ensures that amendments to the Constitution undergo a thorough legislative process, involving both houses of Parliament and, in some cases, the state legislatures.

Three ways the Constitution can be Amended
  • Amendment by simple majority of the parliament (these amendments are not regarded to be amendments of the constitution for the purposes of amendment Article 368),
  • Amendment by special majority of the parliament, and
  • Amendment by special majority of the parliament and the approval of half of the state legislatures.

Check out the linked article on the 44th Amendment Act for UPSC exams now!

Why can frequent Amendments be bad?
  • Amendments may be politically motivated or politically driven. Such criticism is frequently made with mention of the disputed 42nd amendment brought in by Indira Gandhi at the height of the emergency, when her powers were supreme.
  • Indian constitution has proven comparatively easy to alter and has been modified more than once a year on average. Even though the Indian Supreme Court has the authority to strike down or set aside constitutional amendments, it has no authority to cancel them, which means that lots of ineffective provisions of the constitution stay on the books.
  • A few of the amendments have been carried out in a hurry due to the over enthusiasm of the legislature, offending the fundamental structure of the constitution.

Judicial Pronouncements

Judicial pronouncements or judgements limit the power of parliament in making constitutional amendments solely in such cases as where the fundamental structure of the constitution is not modified.

Mainly three judgements are accountable for this:

  • The Golaknath v State of Punjab case upheld that constitutional amendment Article 368 was subject to fundamental rights.
  • The Keshavananda Bharati judgment(1973), in which the principle was adopted that the constitution has a fundamental structure of constitutional principles and values and that the judiciary has the authority to evaluate and strike down modifications which conflict with, or seek to modify, this fundamental structure of the constitution.
  • The Minerva Mills case enforced and transformed the fundamental structure doctrine of the constitution, unanimously ruling that parliament cannot exercise unrestricted power to modify this basic structure or trample the fundamental rights of people, such as the right to freedom and equality.

Check out the linked article on the Right to Constitutional Remedies for UPSC exams now!

Conclusion
  • One issue that stands out in the Article 368 procedure is that the parliament appears to possess the sole power to alter the constitution in any way.
  • However, it is incorrect to defend that the parliament is self-governing as long as Article 368 is in place. Because the procedure restricts the use of the power to alter the constitution in parliament, it cannot be the decisive authority of the constitutional scheme.
  • The Indian constitution was intended to be dynamic legislation that conserves its legality throughout time without becoming outdated while catering to the demands of several social classes in India.
  • The provisions in connection to the amendment procedure need to be more sketchy. Therefore, they provide a large scope for taking matters to the judiciary. Despite these shortcomings, it cannot be denied that the procedure has proved simple and easy and has successfully fulfilled society's shifting needs and conditions.
  • The process could be more flexible to permit the ruling parties to alter it according to their whims, nor is it highly stringent to be incompetent to adapt to the altering needs.

Check out the linked article on the Difference between Written and Unwritten Constitution for UPSC exams now!

We hope your doubts regarding the Criticism of the Amendment Procedure would have been addressed after going through the above article. Testbook gives good quality preparation material for different competitive examinations. Succeed in your UPSC IAS exam preparations by downloading the Testbook App here!

More Articles for IAS Preparation

Criticism of the Amendment Procedure – FAQs

The constitution requires to be revised over time to change provisions that are inadequate to fulfill the altering and emerging needs of the society. Criticism of the amendment procedure stems from these dire needs.

The 104th amendment was the most recent alteration made to the Indian constitution in 2020. It intended to increase the deadline for reservation of SC/ST seats in Lok Sabha and assemblies by ten years. The process dragged on for years, additionally adding to the criticism of the amendment procedure.

An amendment can be made to the constitution of India in three ways - by simple majority, by special majority and by approval of the state legislatures. As expected, the constitution is safeguarded with vast measures, making it hard to alter, giving rise to certain criticism of amendment procedure throughout various quarters of the nation.

The amending authority gets restricted when a clash occurs between the Supreme Court and the Parliament of India. These are among the many limitations placed on the amenability of the constitution, which has since met with vast criticism of amendment procedures from various sectors of the country.

The procedure for amending the constitution is comparable to that of any other legislative process.

Yes, constitutional amendments can be contested on the grounds that they are outside the parliament's constituent jurisdiction or that they have harmed the constitution's core structure. The supreme court, in essence, found a balance between its authority to interpret the constitution and parliament's right to alter it.

It is hard to pull out outdated aspects - tough to get wide support even though it has been over 200 years and society has modified. Hard to include new ideas - Requirements of the society has changed, but due to entrenchment, these improvements do not take place
Report An Error
Exams Tests Super Practice