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Home / IAS Preparation / Crown Rule

Crown Rule in India (1858-1947): History, Various Acts Under Crown Rule And More

Last Updated on Aug 08, 2024
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Crown rule in India refers to the British crown’s direct control from 1857 to 1947. Following the Revolt of 1857, the British Crown, now known as the British Raj, acquired direct administrative authority from the East India Company. The British crown rule in India and its governance lasted from 1858 till India’s independence in 1947 and is known as “Crown Rule.”

Crown rule in India is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of the Medieval Indian History subject in the Mains General Studies Paper-1 syllabus and General Studies Paper-1 of the UPSC Prelims Syllabus.

In this article, we shall study the background, various acts and constitutional experiments under the crown rule in India.

You can also enroll and prepare for History topics through Testbook’s flagship UPSC History Optional Coaching Program.

What is Crown Rule?
Crown rule refers to the direct administration of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent. This began in 1858 following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria. Crown rule lasted until 1947, when India gained independence.
Learn more about the Legislation in British India!

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History Of Crown Rule in India

The Crown Rule in India refers to British colonialism in India from 1858 to 1947 when the British Crown directly ruled India. This period followed the Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence, a significant uprising against British rule in India. During the Crown Rule, the British government implemented policies to consolidate British control over India and promote British interests. This included the establishment of a centralized administration, the introduction of English education and Western legal systems, the construction of railways and telegraph lines, and the development of the Indian Army. However, these policies were often criticized for being exploitative and oppressive towards the Indian population.

Various Acts & Constitutional Experiments Under Crown Rule

Government of India Act, 1858

  • The Government of India Act of 1858 was passed after the 1857 Revolt.
  • It is often known as the First War of Independence or the sepoy mutiny.
  • The Act for the Good Government of India, which handed government authorities, territory, and income to the British Crown, was known as the Act for the Good Government of India.
  • It said that India would be administered by and in the name of Her Majesty from now on.
  • It abolished the Board of Control and the Court of Directors, ending the dual governance system.
  • It established a new position, Secretary of State for India, with full authority and control over the Indian government.
  • It constituted a 15-member Council of India to support India’s Secretary of State.

Indian Councils Act, 1861

  • The Indian Councils Act of 1861 established the first representative institutions by including Indians in the legislative process.
  • As a result, the ruler had to appoint several Indians as non-official members of his larger council.
  • It started the decentralization movement by returning legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidency.
  • It reversed the centralizing trend that began with the Regulating Act of 1773 and culminated with the Charter Act of 1833.
  • It also provided for forming new legislative councils for Bengal, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab, which were formed in 1862, 1886, and 1897, respectively.
  • It authorized the Viceroy to issue rules and directives to facilitate the conduct of business in the council.
  • It also acknowledged Lord Canning’s ‘portfolio’ approach, which he launched in 1859.
  • During an emergency, it authorized the Viceroy to promulgate ordinances without the approval of the legislative council. Such an ordinance had a six-month lifespan.

Indian Councils Act, 1892

  • The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885, and subsequent resolutions requesting administrative reforms, resulted in the passage of the Indian Councils Act of 1892.
  • It prepared the path for a representative form of government by permitting the head of government to appoint a specified proportion of council members.
  • It also established the groundwork for the Parliamentary form of governance by allowing legislators to raise questions and debate the budget.
  • It increased internal autonomy by expanding the powers of provincial legislatures.

Indian Councils Act, 1909

  • Indian Councils Act 1909 was created to offset the rising support for radicals in the Indian national movement.
  • It aims to satisfy the Indian National Congress’s repeated requests for greater participation of Indians in the country's government.
  • It is also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms since it was developed by the then Secretary of State Lord Morley and the then Viceroy Lord Minto.
  • It significantly raised the size of both the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils.
  • It kept the official majority in the Central Legislative Council but permitted non-official majorities in the provincial legislatures.
  • It enhanced legislative councils’ deliberative powers at both levels.
  • It permitted the inclusion of Indians on the Viceroy’s and Governors’ executive councils.
  • By embracing the notion of a “distinct electorate,” it established a system of communal representation for Muslims.
  • The Act made communalism legal, and Lord Minto became regarded as the “Father of the Communal Electorate.”
  • It also separated presidential corporations, trade chambers, colleges, and zamindars.

Government of India Act, 1919

  • In 1921, the Government of India Act of 1919 went into effect.
  • Montagu – Chelmsford Reforms is another name for this Act (Montagu was the Secretary of State for India, and Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India).
  • It loosened central power over the provinces by demarcating and dividing the central and provincial topics.
  • It also separated provincial matters into two categories: transferred and reserved. The governor was to manage the transferred topics with ministers accountable to the Legislative Council. On the other hand, the governor and his executive council were to handle the reserved topics without reporting to the Legislative Council.
  • This dual governing structure was known as ” dyarchy ” – a name derived from the Greek word di – arche, which means “double rule.”
  • It expanded on communal representation by establishing distinct electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
  • It issued restricted franchises based on property, taxation, or education.
  • It established a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and delegated some of the tasks formerly undertaken by the Secretary of State for India to him.
  • It detached provincial budgets from the central budget for the first time and authorized provincial legislatures to implement their budgets.

Government of India Act, 1935

  • The Government of India Act of 1935 was a second step toward a fully accountable government in India.
  • It was a long and thorough document with 321 sections and ten schedules.
  • It called for an All India Federation with provinces and princely stated as components.
  • The Act split competencies between the Centre and units into three lists:
  • The Federal List (for the Centre, including 59 items),
  • The Provincial List (for provinces, containing 54 things), and
  • The Concurrent List (for both, with 36 items).
  • The Viceroy was given residuary powers. The union, however, never materialized because the princely states refused to join it.
  • It removed dyarchy in the provinces and replaced it with ‘provincial autonomy.’ The provinces were given the authority to function as autonomous administrative units within their assigned boundaries.

Indian Independence Act of 1947

  • The India Independence Act 1947 is the outcome of then-British Prime Minister Clement Atlee declaring the end of British rule in India and the Congress and the Muslim League accepting the Mountbatten Plan.
  • It effectively ended British authority in India and established India as an independent and sovereign state.
  • It called for India’s division and the establishment of two sovereign dominions, India and Pakistan, with Pakistan having the right to withdraw from the British Commonwealth.
  • It gave the Constituent Assemblies of both dominions the authority to legislate for their respective regions until the new constitutions were created and implemented.
  • It eliminated the Secretary of State for India post and delegated his responsibilities to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs.
  • It announced the end of British supremacy over Indian princely kingdoms, and treaty links with tribal territories on August 15, 1947.
  • It gave Indian princely kingdoms the option of joining the Dominion of India or the Dominion of Pakistan or remaining independent.
  • The Governor-General of India and the provincial governors were named the states' constitutional leaders.
  • It ended the secretary of state for India’s appointment to civil services and reservation of jobs.

Also, read India After Independence here!

Conclusion

Establishing Crown Rule in India was a significant moment in the freedom struggle. The Revolt of 1857 was more than simply a Sepoy Mutiny. It reflected the Indian people’s unhappiness, resentment, and accumulated complaints against foreign authorities. Evidently, there was a need for change in how individuals were managed.

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Crown Rule 1858-1947 FAQs

The Government of India Act 1858 ended Crown rule in India.

The British ruled the Indian subcontinent and India which lasted from 1858 to 1947.

The East India Company's authority in India lands from 1773 to 1858 is known as Company Rule, whereas Monarchy rule in India refers to the direct administration of the British crown from 1857 to 1947.

From the first century CE to the advent of British domination in India in the 17th century, India's GDP ranged between 25 and 35% of global GDP, before falling to 2% by India's independence in 1947.
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