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Home / IAS Preparation / Global Drug Policy Index

Global Drug Policy Index: Objectives, Significance & More | UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Oct 25, 2024
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The Global Drug Policy Index (GDPI) is a comprehensive tool that evaluates ratings of countries' drug policies to measure compliance with best practices and human rights standards. Although the index is published by the Harm Reduction Consortium, it takes the form of a quantitative assessment based on the effectiveness and equity of drug policies in every country worldwide. In doing international comparisons, the Global Drug Policy Index aims to promote more humane and evidence-based approaches to drug control.

The topic of the Global Drug Policy Index falls under General Studies Paper-II of UPSC, which includes Governance, Social Justice, and International Relations. Knowing the GDPI will enable one to get a perspective on global drug policy trends; the performance of India with respect to drug policy; and the impact of these policies on public health and human rights.

GS Paper

General Studies Paper II

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Global Drug Policy Index, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), International Drug Control Policies, Drug Abuse and Prevention Programs

Topics for UPSC Mains

Impact of Drug Laws on Society, Role of International Organizations in Drug Control, Public Health Approaches to Drug Addiction, Government Initiatives on Drug Control and De-addiction

About the Global Drug Policy Index

The Global Drug Policy Index measures and compares the drug policies of countries using best practice frameworks with an emphasis on human rights, public health, and development. This index is based on an extensive range of indicators categorized into five broad dimensions: criminal justice, health and harm reduction, access to internationally controlled medicines, development, and impact on marginalized groups. It provides a benchmark for policymakers, civil society, and researchers to judge national drug policies and call for changes whenever necessary.

Objectives of the Global Drug Policy Index

The major goals of the Global Drug Policy Index are as follows:

  • Assessment of Drug Policies: To give an overall judgment on the state's drug policies according to the human rights and public health criteria.
  • Advocating for Evidence-Based Policies: To push for effective drug policies based on science and not punitive approaches.
  • Best Practices Identification: To find best practices in drug policies that other countries can draw inspiration from.
  • Accountability: Holding the governments accountable for their drug policies and impacts they create on the population.
  • Advocacy Empowerment: To arm civil society with data towards creating pressure for more humane and effective drug policies.

Read the article on Drug Abuse!

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Key Highlights of the Global Drug Policy Index 2021

The first-ever Global Drug Policy Index 2021 provided several key insights:

  • Ranking of 30 Countries: The index analyzed the performance of 30 countries on all continents, thus providing a global view of drug policies.
  • Scoring System: Each country has been ranked on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 marking the most advanced and humane drug policies.
  • Top Performers: Norway, New Zealand, and Portugal emerged as the top three countries, indicating strong adherence to progressive drug policies.
  • Low Scoring Countries: Outliers included countries like Uganda, Indonesia, and Kenya, reflecting significant room for policy improvement.
  • Human Rights Focus: The index underscored the widespread neglect of human rights in drug policies, particularly in terms of punitive measures and inadequate health services.
  • Health and Harm Reduction: The evaluation highlighted the disparity in access to health and harm reduction services, with many countries falling short of international standards.

Read the article on the Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940!

India’s Performance in the Global Drug Policy Index 2021

India's ranking in the Global Drug Policy Index 2021 reflects both progress and challenges:

  • Overall Score: India scored a middling score, reflecting a mix of progress and continuing issues within its drug policy framework.
  • Criminal Justice Practices: India fared poorly in terms of punitive measures, with very high imprisonment rates for drug-related offenses disproportionately affecting marginalized communities.
  • Health and Harm Reduction: Despite India's progress at many levels of harm reduction by bringing efforts such as needle exchange programs and opioid substitution therapy, these services have remained underfunded and therefore inaccessible to a large segment of the population.
  • Access to Medicines: India struggled at putting into place access to controlled medicines for pain management and palliative care.
  • Impact on Vulnerable Populations: The index indicated a high number of drastic negative consequences to already vulnerable populations, such as drug users, with little regard for their human rights and socio-economy needs.

Read the article on the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization!

Significance of the Global Drug Policy Index

The importance of the Global Drug Policy Index extends across several levels:

  • Benchmarking Index: GDPI is an important benchmarking index through which governments should be measuring the effectiveness and humaneness of their drug policies.
  • Catalyst for Policy Reform: The index indicates areas of improvement in the sense of instigating policy reforms towards effective and fair drug control measures.
  • Evidence-Based Advocacy: The comprehensive data empowers civil society organizations to advocate well on the basis of evidence-based, human rights-centered drug policies.
  • International Awareness: The drug policy index traces the impacts of drug policies on human rights, public health, and development, raising overall global awareness about different impacts brought about by drug policies.

Read the article on the Narcotic Drug & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985!

Issues Associated with the Global Drug Policy Index

Despite its utility, the Global Drug Policy Index faces several challenges:

  • Data Quality: Depending on countries, there can be great disparity regarding the availability and quality of the data that goes into computing the index.
  • Scope of Indicators: As comprehensive as the index is, it may not capture any detail regarding a national drug policy's general understanding or regional variations within countries.
  • Political Sensitivity: Drug policy is highly politically sensitive. Because of this, objective assessment and change advocacy are difficult.
  • Implementation Gaps: The index will reflect the policy intention. However, the implementation on the ground and the actual impact of the policy are not always measurable through the same index.

Read the article on the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC!

Way Forward

In order to achieve the effectiveness and impact of the Global Drug Policy Index, the following may be recommended:

  • Improving Data Collection: Improve means of collecting data to gain an accurate and comprehensive review of national drug policies.
  • Coverage: Expansion in the number of countries assessed to gain a more global view in terms of drug policy effectiveness.
  • Promote Dialogue: Enhance discussions among policymakers, researchers, and civil society on issues like gaps revealed by the index.
  • Promote Best Practices: Sharing best practices and effective policy models developed in one country that are also adopted in other countries.
  • Building Transparency: How data was collected and how scores were assigned build much-needed trust in findings from the index.

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

  • Comparative Analysis: It provides international comparability along country lines for drug policies, drawing attention to the most effective approaches in combating drugs.
  • Harm Reduction Approach: Combines advocacy in the usefulness of harm reduction strategies with the necessity to move away from punitive measures and forward on public health-centered practice.
  • Public Health Perspective: Improves drug policy as a matter of public health, including possible treatments and support systems rather than penalties.
  • Effectiveness of Policy: Examine effectiveness, fairness, and human rights impact of national drug policies in an evidence-based assessment.
  • Promotion of Reform: Encouraging countries to reform archaic and punitive drug policies towards better humane and effective alternatives.
  • Data-Driven Insights: Developing and relying on comprehensive and reliable data to guide recommendations and improvements of policy.
  • Advocacy in a Global Scale: Advocating for global movements that argue for equitable and effective drug policies, fostering international cooperation.
  • National Policy Guidance: Provides insights for the improvement of India's drug policies towards more balanced, health-oriented, and human rights-framed policies.

We hope your doubts regarding the topic have been addressed after going through the above article. Testbook offers good quality preparation material for different competitive examinations. Succeed in your UPSC IAS exam preparations by downloading the Testbook App here!

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Global Drug Policy Index UPSC FAQs

The main features include assessment of 30 countries ranked by scores, top performers such as Norway, low scorers with an emphasis on human rights and health services.

India scored a middling score, with strengths in all parameters of harm reduction and weakness in punitive measures, access to medicines, and impacts on marginalized communities.

The GDPI acts as a benchmarking instrument that triggers policy reform, empowers data-driven advocacy, and brings awareness globally about the impacts of drug policies.

Other challenges in the index are the reliability of data, the scope of the indicators, political sensitivity, and addressing gaps between what the policy intends and what actually happens.

Ideally, improvement by the Global Drug Policy Index is better accomplished through better data collection, broader coverage, opening up dialogue, sharing best practices, and enhancing transparency.

The GDPI fosters international cooperation by comparing drug policy effectiveness globally, highlighting successful policies that can be adopted by other countries.

The GDPI advocates for drug policy reforms that view the issue from a public health perspective, emphasizing treatment and harm reduction over punitive measures.

The Global Drug Policy Index is a tool by which national drug policies are assessed and ranked against best practice and human rights standards.

Objectives include assessment of drug policies, promotion of evidence-based approaches, bringing to light best practices, holding others accountable, and advocacy for humane drug policies.
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