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Home / IAS Preparation / Left Wing Extremism

Left Wing Extremism: Overview, Maoist Modus Operandi, Govt. Scheme To Control LWE & More!

Last Updated on Jan 22, 2024
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LWE is a significant security concern that India has been struggling with for decades. Left Wing Extremism (LWE) poses a significant threat to internal security and development. LWE is a violent movement that aims to overthrow the government and establish communism. Left Wing Extremism (LWE), also known as Naxalism or Maoism.

This topic is an important part of the internal security section of the UPSC examination. Left Wing Extremism in UPSC is part of the GS Paper 3 syllabus of Mains and GS Paper 1 of the Prelims syllabus.

In this article, we will discuss left-wing extremism. Its causes, strategies to combat it, and government initiatives to control it are also discussed in the article.

Maoist Modus Operandi

Left-wing extremist groups often use various strategies and tactics to achieve their objectives. They use:

  • Guerrilla warfare
  • Ambushes
  • Sabotage
  • Attacks on security forces, infrastructure, and government establishments. 

They want to create fear, disrupt governance, and establish "liberated zones" under their control. Extortion, intimidation, and recruitment of young individuals are used to sustain their operations. They operate in remote, underdeveloped regions known as the Red Corridor. They are mainly located in central and eastern India.

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Maoism

LWE has its foundation in Maoism, a type of communism founded by Mao Zedong. Maoists believe in armed struggle and mobilization of farmers and tribals. They intend to establish a classless society through a prolonged people's war. Maoism is the ideological foundation of many left-wing extremist groups in India.

Red Corridor

The Red Corridor encompasses areas affected by LWE. In these areas, the state's presence and development activities have been severely hindered. This vast stretch of land spanning several states has been a stronghold of Maoist insurgency. Red Corridor has seen frequent clashes between security forces and extremists.

Red Corridor stretches across states such as:

  • Chhattisgarh
  • Jharkhand
  • Odisha
  • Bihar
  • Andhra Pradesh
  • Telangana
  • Maharashtra
  • West Bengal

These regions face socio-economic disparities and a lack of infrastructure and governance. These areas have limited access to basic services. The geographical terrain and dense forests provide an advantage to the extremists. These factors make it challenging for security forces to operate.

Factors Responsible for the Rise of LWE

Some of the key factors that have contributed to the rise and sustenance of LWE include:

Socio-Economic Inequalities

Poverty, lack of access to basic amenities, and economic disparities ignite extremist ideologies.

Weak Governance and Corruption

Inadequate administration, corruption, and ineffective implementation of welfare programs have eroded public trust. This leads to increased discontent. This pushed them towards radical movements.

Marginalization of Tribal Communities

Indigenous tribal communities residing in resource-rich regions often face discrimination, displacement, and exploitation.

  • Displacement is caused by infrastructure projects, land acquisition, and inadequate rehabilitation.
  • This has led to their alienation and susceptibility to recruitment by extremist groups.

Inadequate Access to Justice

A lack of access to fair and timely justice has contributed to the alienation of marginalized communities. This led them to support extremist movements.

Land Disputes

Land ownership issues, particularly in tribal areas, have been a long-standing concern. Maoist groups exploit these disputes to mobilize support and establish their dominance.

Measures and Changes in Strategy Needed to Solve Maoism

Addressing left-wing extremism requires a multi-pronged approach encompassing various dimensions. These are security, development, political engagement, etc. Some key measures and changes in strategy that can be adopted include: 

Strengthening Intelligence Gathering and Sharing

Intelligence agencies need accurate and timely information to prevent extremist activities.

Enhanced Security Operations

Train police and paramilitary forces to combat Maoist violence. Implement specialized training, modern weapons, and intelligence-based operations.

Focus on Socio-Economic Development

Increase focus on development initiatives in affected regions. It involves infrastructure, education, healthcare, skill development, and livelihood opportunities. This helps tackle the underlying socio-economic issues that fuel extremism.

Inclusive Governance

It aims to implement welfare schemes successfully. Encourage transparency, and include affected communities in decision-making. This will help build trust with the state.

Dialogue and Negotiations

Peacefully address the concerns of moderate factions of left-wing extremist groups. This can be done by exploring opportunities for dialogue and negotiations. Try to bring them into the mainstream political process via dialogue and negotiations.

Strengthening Law and Order

Improve the criminal justice system to rapidly and successfully prosecute extremists and uphold the rule of law.

Community Engagement

Empower local stakeholders, tribal leaders, and representatives to take part in decision-making. This encourages a sense of ownership and inclusivity in the community.

Development and Infrastructure

Improved infrastructure, livelihood opportunities, and inclusive development may lower support for extremist groups. This will also address socio-economic disparities.

Government Initiatives to Control LWE

The Government of India has undertaken various initiatives to control and reduce the impact of LWE. These include:

Integrated Action Plan (IAP)

This program aims at accelerating development activities in affected regions. It provides funds for infrastructure projects, healthcare, education, and livelihood opportunities.

Special Forces

The government has established specialized forces in affected states, such as

  • Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
  • CoBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action)

These forces are trained in guerrilla warfare. They play a vital role in conducting counter-insurgency operations.

Rehabilitation and Surrender Policies

The government has implemented rehabilitation and surrender policies. This aims to encourage Maoist cadres to abandon violence and reintegrate into mainstream society. These initiatives provide vocational training, financial support, and other support to former extremists.

Intelligence Sharing and Coordination

Interstate intelligence sharing and coordination among security forces have been strengthened. This will track the movement and activities of left-wing extremist groups. This collaborative effort has yielded positive results in disrupting their networks.

Security-Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme

The SRE Scheme provides financial help to states affected by LWE. This will be utilized to strengthen the security apparatus, including

  • The deployment of extra police forces
  • Procurement of modern equipment
  • Training of personnel

Road Connectivity Project

Building vital road infrastructure in remote and inaccessible areas improves connectivity. It also facilitates economic development and better access for security forces to counter LWE.

Skill Development Initiatives

These initiatives aim to provide skill development training to the youth in affected regions. This enables them to acquire employable skills and explore alternative livelihood options. Thereby discouraging them from joining extremist groups.

Counter Operations by Central or State Government

To reduce LWE and restore law and order, the central and state governments have carried out many counter-operations. Security forces are working together in these operations. These operations aim to disrupt supply channels and seize arms and explosives. Such operations help cut support networks and arrest important leaders. These operations are carried out based on actionable intelligence and careful planning. Counter operations are an effort to cut down collateral damage and guarantee the protection of civilians. 

Some of the important operations are described in the table below:

Operation

Description

Operation Green Hunt
  • Launched in 2009.
  • This is a joint operation by central and state security forces.
  • It aimed to flush out left-wing extremist groups from their stronghold states.

Operation Samadhan
  • Conducted by the Government of India.
  • Operation Samadhan focuses on a holistic approach to counter LWE.
  • It involves strategic planning, intelligence-based operations, and targeted action against extremist groups.

Operation Prahar
  • Initiated by the Maharashtra State Police.
  • It aimed to neutralize left-wing extremist activities in the Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra.
  • It involved extensive search operations, intelligence-driven strikes, and coordinated efforts by security forces.

Operation Nai Disha
  • Launched by the Chhattisgarh Police.
  • It aims to create an atmosphere of peace and development in regions affected by LWE.
  • It involves a multi-pronged strategy, including intelligence gathering, community engagement, and infrastructure development.

Operation Anaconda
  • Conducted by the Jharkhand Police.
  • Operation Anaconda focuses on disrupting left-wing extremist activities in the state.
  • It involves intensified intelligence operations, coordinated strikes, and efforts to dismantle the support networks.

Operation Hilltop
  • Implemented by the Odisha Police.
  • Operation Hilltop aims to establish law and order in areas affected by left-wing extremism.
  • It involves targeted operations, increased vigilance, and community outreach programs.

Conclusion

Left wing extremism continues to pose a significant challenge to India's internal security. By understanding the modus operandi and addressing the causes, it is possible to tackle the influence and impact of LWE. Also, security operations, intelligence sharing, and coordination among states are required. The government's initiatives have shown promising results in curbing extremist ideologies. With a comprehensive approach, we can create a secure and prosperous environment for all citizens in the affected regions.

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Left Wing Extremism FAQs

Left-wing extremism affects internal security, socio-economic development, and governance in the affected regions. It harms infrastructure, disrupts public services, and hinders the progress of communities.

The purpose of left-wing extremism is to overthrow the existing government and establish a communist regime. LWE is based on Maoist ideology.

The main causes of left wing extremism in India are socio-economic inequalities and marginalization of tribals. Other causes are inadequate governance, land disputes, and external influences.

Efforts by the government, security forces, and developmental interventions have led to a decrease in LWE. Yet, pockets of LWE presence still exist in certain regions.

The government aims to resolve left-wing extremism through a comprehensive approach. It includes strengthening security operations, addressing socio-economic disparities, and promoting inclusive governance. Encouraging dialogue and negotiations and implementing rehabilitation policies are other methods.

Left-wing extremism refers to a socio-political ideology and movement that leans towards radical left-wing ideologies, advocating for significant social and economic changes.
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