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Home / IAS Preparation / Mamluk Dynasty

Mamluk Dynasty - Foundation, List of Rulers, Administration, Cultural Aspect, Decline & More

Last Updated on Oct 16, 2024
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Mamluk Dynasty laid the foundation of the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in India, which went on to rule the northern parts of the country for the next few centuries. Many socio-economic, political, and administrative reforms took place during the Delhi Sultanate Period, starting from the rule of the Mamluk Dynasty. Hence, it is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS Examination.

In this article on Mamluk Dynasty, we shall discuss its various social, economic, cultural, and other associated features and a few other details. This will be very useful for aspirants in the UPSC Prelims Exam. You can also register for the Testbook’s flagship optional history coaching for UPSC and kick-start your UPSC IAS preparation journey today.

Check out Medieval History UPSC Notes for studying more topics.

Origin of Mamluk Dynasty

The first capital of the Kingdom was Delhi, when the Tomara Rajputs were in charge. During the middle of the eleventh century, Johans of Ajmer, also known as Chahamanas of Delhi. In Delhi, Tomaras and Chauhans are in charge. become a prominent commercial centre. Numerous temples were built by wealthy urbanites and Jaina merchants. In this region, the commonly used dehliwal coin is made. The Delhi Sultan founded several cities that now make up modern-day Delhi. The founder of mamluk dynasty is Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak and he was also first ruler of slave dynasty.

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The Mamluk Dynasty’s Foundation

Many people refer to the Mamluk dynasty as the “slave dynasty.” A mamluk, Arabic meaning “owned,” is a powerful military aristocrat who first arose in the ninth century AD during the Abbasid Caliphate Islamic Empire. The Mamluks are strongly established in politics and the armed forces in Egypt, Iraq, and India. Although they are slaves, their owners value them highly. Most of them are soldiers and generals who are defending their bosses. Qutb ud Din Aibak founded the Mamluk Dynasty in Delhi. He was first slave king of Delhi Sultanate. The founder of slave dynasty was Qutb ud Din Aibak.

Study in detail about India Under The Mughals for UPSC preparation!

Major Rulers of Mamluk Dynasty

The Rulers of the Mamluk Dynasty are mentioned in the table below:

Ruler

Time Period

Qutb ud Din Aibak

1206-1210 CE

Aram Shah

1210-1211 CE

Iltutmish

1211-1236 CE

Rukn ud din Feroze

1236 CE

Razia al Din

1236-1240 CE

Muiz ud din Bahram

1240-1242 CE

Ala ud din Masud

1242-1246 CE

Nasiruddin Mahmud

1246-1266 CE

Ghiyas ud din Balban

1266-1286 CE

Muiz ud din Muhammad Qaiqabad

1286-1290 CE

Administration During Mamluk Dynasty
  • The Mamluk dynasty maintained the administrative system inherited from the Ayyubid kingdom, making few changes over time.
  • The sultan held the highest position in the state and possessed the authority to issue specific legal orders and enforce general rules.
  • The sultan could declare wars, impose taxes for military campaigns, and ensure the equitable distribution of food supplies.
  • The Mamluk dynasty adhered to the Iqta System, an administrative and land distribution system that originated during the reign of Iltutmish.
  • Under the Iqta System, instead of providing soldiers with cash and food, lands were granted to army officials to fulfill their Iqta obligations.
  • The ustadar served as the chief of staff to the sultan, responsible for organizing the daily affairs of the royal court and managing the sultan's personal finances.
  • The administration aimed to maintain stability, protect the sultanate's interests, and uphold law and order.
  • The Mamluk administration played a significant role in maintaining the dynasty's rule and managing the affairs of the state.

Also, check out the article on Babur Mughal Empire with this link!

Cultural Aspects of Mamluk Dynasty
  • The Mamluk historians were highly productive in chronicling historical events and writing biographies, making their era notable for its historical writings.
  • In terms of architecture, the Mamluks made a remarkable contribution, constructing impressive structures such as mosques, schools, monasteries, and tombs.
  • In addition to their architectural achievements, the Mamluks were recognized for their ambitious but unsuccessful endeavors to bring about socio-religious reforms.
  • The Mamluk period saw advancements in calligraphy and illumination, with skilled artisans creating beautiful Quranic manuscripts and inscriptions.
  • The rulers of the Mamluk Dynasty were patrons of the arts, supporting the development of various art forms like miniature painting and metalwork.

Slave Dynasty
  • Qutb ud-Din Aibak established the Slave Dynasty.
  • The dynasty was in charge between 1206 to 1290.
  • The Delhi Sultanate ruled this first dynasty.
  • When Jalal-ud-din-Firuz Khilji overthrew Muiz ud-din Qaiqabad in 1290, the Mamluk dynasty was put to an end.
  • The dynasty was passed down to the Khilji (or Khalji), the second to rule the Delhi Sultanate.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210)

  • Aibak was Mohammed Ghori’s personal assistant.
  • The Arabic word for slave is Mumluk.
  • Due to this, the Qutbuddin Aibak dynasty is frequently called the Mumluk or slave dynasty.
  • He merely made an effort to gather himself. He only held the position for four years.
  • He constructed Delhi’s Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque as a tribute to Islam’s dominance in India.
  • He constructed the Adhai Din Ka-Jhompra Mosque in Ajmer.
  • During his reign, Khwaja Qutbuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki, a Sufi saint, started construction on the Qutub Minar.

Study the NCERT Notes on Satavahana Dynasty here.

Iltutmish (1211-1236)

  • He lived from 1210 to 1236.
  • In real life, he went by the name Samshuddin Iliyas.
  • He was a relative of Qutbuddin Aibak.
  • He defended the Mongols on their side against Chengis Khan’s assault on India.
  • He transferred the capital from Lahore to Delhi.
  • He completed the Qutb Minar and the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque.
  • He established the feudal Iqtha/iqthadari regime.
  • He created the monetary system for the Delhi Sultanate and agreed with 40 Islamic lords.
  • The Copper Biranz Coin, the Bronze Biranz Coin, and the Silver Tanka Jittal Coin
  • He appointed Raziya, his daughter, in his place.

Invasion by Iltutmish

  • The Iltutmish army invaded Bangladesh in 1210 and seized power in Bihar in 1225.
  • When engaged in combat with the Mongols, King Khwarazm, and Qabacha in the early 1220s, Iltutmish disregarded the Indus Valley.
  • After the Mongols were routed and the Khavarazmi presented a threat, Kabacha governed the region, but from 1228 to 1229, Iltumtmish invaded his territory.
  • He maintained authority over his domain and repulsed both Rajput and Mongol incursions.
  • He put an end to Genghis Khan’s invasion in 1221.
  • He completed the construction of the Qutb Minar Mosque and the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
  • He established the executive branch of the monarchy.
  • He constructed Delhi’s mosques, water treatment plants, and other structures to turn the city into a centre of power.
  • He introduced the two official Sultanate coins, the copper metal, and the silver tanka.
  • The Iqtadari system was also introduced, which divided the nation into Iqtas and gave them to the nobles in exchange for money.
  • When he went away in 1236, his daughter Razia Sultana received the inheritance because he believed his son was unfit for the throne.

Study the NCERT Notes on Mauryan Administration here.

Raziya Sultana (1236-1240)

  • As the country’s first Muslim woman ruler, Raziya assumed power in Delhi by ousting her brother Ruknuddin Feroz.
  • The cavalry leader was chosen to be Yakuth, an African (Absynia) slave.
  • She separated Chahalgani with her power while still wedded to Altuniya (40 Nobel Prizes) (governor of Bhatinda).
  • Razia and Altuniya afterwards passed away as a result of a Chalghani coup.

Nasiruddin (1246-1266)

  • Following Razia’s demise, Chalghani (40 Nobel laureates) assumed control.
  • However, Nasiruddin Mahmud, the younger son of Iltutmish, was elevated to the post of Sultan by Balban after six years.
  • Nasiruddin was a ruler who loved philosophy but had little success.
  • Balban, his prime minister, overthrew him.

Study the NCERT Notes on King Harshavardhana here.

Ghiyasuddin Balban(1266-1286)

  • Balban was the most powerful king of the slave dynasty.
  • He killed Chahalghani and annihilated him.
  • The Forty, a group of aristocrats, was known to him as the greatest threat to the country (chahalgani). He was adamant that the best way to resolve the problems was to strengthen the monarchy. Balban claimed the Sultan was the recipient of divine favour and God’s emissary on earth.
  • Jamnibas, paibas, and sizda (kissing the sultan’s hands and feet) are examples of Persian customs and practices that Balban imported (Persian new year).
  • He established the Diwan-i-Ariz Department of Defense.
  • Balban stopped thieves and dacoits while also making Delhi’s highways safe for travel.
  • Balban approached the Mongol problem with blood and iron. He strengthened the Western frontiers. He sent his son Mahamud to the western frontiers to fight the Mongols.
  • Mahamud died in the conflict with the Mongols.
  • Balban, who the disaster had seriously hurt, fell ill and died in 1286.
  • In his role as sultan, Kalimullah and Qaimus replaced him.
  • Qaiqubad/Kaiqubad was the penultimate sultan of the Slave Dynasty.
  • However, Qaiqubad fell victim to paralysis.
  • He was removed from the throne by Jalaluddin Khalji.

Decline of Mamluk Dynasty
  • Muiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad, the final sultan of the Slave Dynasty, ruled from 1287 until 1290.
  • He was Balban’s grandson.
  • When he ascended to the throne, he was just eighteen years old.
  • He disregarded every state issue because he was young then, resulting in a disjointed government structure.
  • After four years, he suffered a paralyzing stroke, and a Khalji chieftain assassinated him in 1290.
  • Furthermore, throughout the Mamluk reign, Mongol invasions happened often.
  • These incursions further undermine the Mamluk rule.
  • Another element that contributed to their decline was the Mamluk dynasty’s internal conflicts, which had a long-term negative impact on the stability of the Sultanate.
  • Razia Sultan, the first female sultan of the Sultanate, was not completely accepted by all the nobles.
  • Many kings and queens were too weak to rule the nation for an extended period.
  • The dynasty’s bad administration had a significant role in the fall of the regime.
  • The slave dynasty came to an end with the fall of Qaiqabad.
  • The Khilji dynasty came after the slave dynasty.
  • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji was the first king of the Khilji dynasty, killed by his son-in-law Allaudin Khilji.

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Mamluk Dynasty - FAQs

The Mamluk Dynasty or the Slave Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty.

Ghiyasuddin Balban was the last ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty.

The construction of the Qutub Minar was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, and was finally completed by Iltutmish.

The only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate was Raziya Sultan who was the daughter of Iltutmish.
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