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Home / IAS Preparation / National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) - UPSC Notes

National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) - UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Mar 24, 2025
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The National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) is a framework developed under the Government of India for the conservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems in the country. The initiative is oriented toward wetlands and lakes, with an eye on biodiversity, ecological processes, and people's livelihoods that depend on them. In this direction of sustainable development, NPCA goals are synchronized to international goals, with an incorporation of local concerns emanating from the rich and diverse aquatic habitats of India.

It is relevant to General Studies Paper III (Environment, Biodiversity, and Disaster Management) for the UPSC Civil Services Examination. This paper contains a large chunk of questions that pertain to environment conservation, issues relating to biodiversity, and management of natural disasters. Hence, NPCA is greatly relevant to aspirants, so as to understand the government's approach toward ecological sustainability.

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GS Paper

General Studies Paper III

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Ramsar sites, Wetlands Rules 2017.

Topics for UPSC Mains

Biodiversity Conservation, Role of Wetlands in Climate Change Mitigation

What is the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems?

The National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) is a policy initiative of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change that enunciates strategies for the conservation, maintenance, and restoration of existing natural wetlands, lakes, and other aquatic ecosystems in the country. This will involve grappling with a host of environmental problems like pollution, siltation, encroachment, and biodiversity loss and ensure that these valued ecosystems are managed sustainably.

Background

The NPCA was launched in 2015 by merging the two earlier schemes: NLCP, the National Lake Conservation Plan, and NWCP, the National Wetland Conservation Programme. The merger was basically undertaken for streamlining the efforts and resources for better management and holistic conservation of the aquatic ecosystem. On account of their increasing environmental degradation, anthropogenic pressures, and climate change impacts, it has been realized that there is an urgent need for a consolidated approach toward their protection for these ecologically significant areas. Wetlands and lakes have a very vital role in hydrological balance, biodiversity conservation, and support of millions of people's livelihoods. Recognizing the importance of these natural ecosystems, the Government of India set up the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems for the conservation and promotion of the sustainable use of wetlands and lakes.

Read the article on the Convention on Biological Diversity!

Objectives of the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems

The prime objectives of NPCA are:

  • Biodiversity Conservation: To conserve and enhance biodiversity within aquatic ecosystems with the help of suitable habitats.
  • Ecological Restoration: There shall be various restoration measures for the maintenance of ecological integrity of wetlands and lakes.
  • Pollution Control: Reduction of pollution from point and nonpoint sources to maintain water quality.
  • Sustainable Livelihood: Promote sustainable livelihood practices for supporting communities dependent on aquatic ecosystems.
  • Awareness and Education: Educate and engender public participation in the conservation process.
  • Management and Research: For enhancing capacity for scientific research and improved management practices.

Read the article on the Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India!

Features of the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems

The NPCA has a few unique features toward its comprehensive execution plan, such as:

  • Integrated Approach: The NLCP and NWCP are combined for conservation to be dealt with comprehensively.
  • Stakeholder Involvement: The local community, NGOs, and governmental bodies are all involved in the conservation process.
  • Scientific Management: Science and research results, together with technological tools, are applied in an efficient manner for the management of ecosystems.
  • Monitoring and Evaluation: It provides for regular monitoring of health status of the ecosystem and evaluation of outcomes from conservation.
  • Capacity Building: The plan offers training programmes and workshops to the stakeholders to undertake conservation practices.
  • Financial Assistance: Funds are provided to the state governments and local bodies to execute the proposed conservation works.

Read the article on the National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing NMBHWB!

Implementation Status of NPCA

According to the latest reports by MoEFCC, 2023, there is considerable progress under the NPCA:

  • Initiating more than 250 wetland conservation projects in different states, of which two—Loktak Lake in Manipur and Chilika Lake in Odisha—have shown remarkable progress in wetland conservation.
  • Programs on implementing bioremediation techniques and setting up wastewater treatment plants in several wetlands.
  • Building community involvement in managing wetlands with the help of eco-tourism initiatives that bring alternative livelihoods.
  • Installation of real-time water quality monitoring systems in priority wetlands and lakes.

Funding for NPCA

The funding is mainly received from the Central Government, with a small contribution from State Governments. High regard for the government is reflected in its increased budgetary allocations towards NPCA projects. As per the Union Budget 2023-24, about INR 1,500 crore had been allocated for wetland and lake conservation activities under the NPCA. Besides, financial assistance is also provided to capacity-building activities and community-based conservation projects.

Read the article on the Wetlands International!

Significance of the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems

The NPCA has a very significant role to play in a myriad of ways such as:

  • Ecological Balance: This will conserve biodiversity and ecological balance, which is important for sustainable development.
  • Climate Change Mitigation: The wetlands are carbon sinks, and therefore this action will mitigate climate change.
  • Water Security: The wetlands will ensure sustainable water supply for various uses, by way of recharging the groundwater and maintenance of hydrological regimes.
  • Direct Support to Agriculture: Wetlands directly support agriculture through maintenance of the moisture and fertility of the land.
  • Livelihood Generation: Provides livelihoods for communities through activities such as eco-tourism and fishery management.
  • Disaster Resilience: Provides resilience to disasters by serving as buffers against floods and droughts.
  • Cultural and Aesthetic Value: Provides a means for preserving culture and the aesthetic and recreational values for society.
  • Public Awareness: Promotes public awareness and community participation in environmental conservation.

Read the article on the Critically Endangered Animal Species of India!

Challenges in the Implementation of the NPCA

The NPCA is ridden with a number of implementation issues, some of which include:

  • Inadequate Funds: Funds are always in short supply to undertake massive conservation works.
  • Encroachment and Land-Use Change: Unregulated development and encroachments are posing threats to wetlands and aquatic ecosystems.
  • Pollution: Many aquatic ecosystems remain polluted by industrial effluents, agricultural runoffs, and domestic sewage.
  • Bureaucratic Hurdles: Cumbersome administrative procedures and coordination problems between various departments delay the implementation of projects.
  • Awareness Levels: Low awareness amongst local communities about the significance of wetlands and conservation practices.
  • Impact of Climate Change: Changes in rainfall patterns and temperatures as induced by climate change affect hydrology and biodiversity in these ecosystems.
  • Invasive Species: Invasive species cause severe threats to the health of native biodiversity and ecosystems.

Read the article on the National Aquatic Animal of India!

Other Government Initiatives to Conserve Wetlands

Apart from the NPCA, a few other programmes and policies have been initiated by the government of India towards the cause of wetland conservation:

  • Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017: This forms the regulatory framework for wetlands in the whole of India for their conservation and management.
  • Ramsar Convention: India is a Ramsar signatory state. 49 wetlands have been identified as Ramsar sites of international importance.
  • Mangrove Conservation: Special Schemes under Integrated Coastal Zone Management for the conservation of mangroves and coastal wetlands.
  • National Mission for Clean Ganga: Restoring the environment and ensuring conservation of the Ganga river basin and its aquatic ecosystems.
  • National Biodiversity Action Plan: Wetland conservation features as part of larger biodiversity conservation policies and strategies.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission: Envisions reducing water pollution from urban local bodies affecting wetlands and other water bodies.
  • State-specific Initiatives: Many states have initiated state-specific programs on wetland conservation in tune with the objectives of NPCA.

Read the article on the National Aquatic Animal of India!

Way Forward

The following measures can be pursued to achieve the outcomes contemplated by the NPCA:

  • Increased budgetary allocations and innovative financing mechanisms, such as green bonds, for mobilizing funds for conservation projects.
  • The enactment of stringent legislation against encroachment and pollution of aquatic ecosystems should be implemented.
  • Administrative streamlining and coordination among different governmental departments must be ensured.
  • Awareness and participation of local communities in the process of conservation must be enhanced.
  • Ensuring that scientific research takes place with the processes of continuous monitoring to adjust these strategies whenever necessary.
  • Developing infrastructure resilient to the impacts of climate change.
  • Control and eradication programs for invasive species under targeted intervention processes.
  • Engage private sector participation through partnerships and CSR for conservation.

Key Takeaways on National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems for UPSC Aspirants

  • Comprehensive Framework: The NPCA consolidates efforts from the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) and the National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) into a single, holistic initiative aimed at conserving aquatic ecosystems.
  • Ecological and Biodiversity Importance: Emphasizes the critical role of wetlands and lakes in maintaining biodiversity, ecological balance, and supporting a wide array of flora and fauna.
  • Integrated Approach: Promotes a multidisciplinary strategy involving scientific management, pollution control, and ecological restoration to ensure the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.
  • Stakeholder and Community Involvement: Involves local communities, NGOs, and government bodies, promoting sustainable livelihoods and increasing public awareness and participation in conservation efforts.

Download the Key Takeaways PDF for the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems!

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National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems UPSC FAQs

Wetlands are vital for biodiversity conservation, water purification, flood protection, and providing livelihood opportunities to local communities.

Funding constraints, pollution, encroachment, bureaucratic hurdles, and climate change are some challenges faced by NPCA.
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