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Home / IAS Preparation / Puppetry In India

Puppetry in India - Origin, Types, Features, Reasons for Depletion, Modern Puppetry & More

Last Updated on Dec 26, 2023
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Puppetry in India dates back thousands of years. Many folk tales, ballads, and even folk songs all have references to it. The many puppet forms in India will be discussed in this essay. India is home to nearly every sort of puppet. Puppetry has played an important role in traditional entertainment throughout history. Themes for puppet theater, like conventional theater, are typically based on epics and legends. Puppets from all over the country have their distinct personalities. Regional painting and sculpture techniques influence them.

Puppet Forms in India is an important topic in Art and Culture and is asked in the UPSC IAS Exam. It covers a significant part of the Art & Culture subject in the General Studies Paper-1 syllabus. In this article, we shall study in detail the various puppet forms of different states, their origin and salient features for UPSC.

Origin of Indian Puppetry
  • A puppet is a doll or figure controlled by a human and appears to move on its own.
  • Puppets with sockets have been unearthed in the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro excavation sites, indicating that puppetry was a popular art form at the time.
  • Several allusions to marionette play have been unearthed from 500 BC.
  • The Tamil classic Silappadikaram, written between the first and second centuries BC, and the Mahabharata both mention puppetry.
  • Puppetry, as an art form, has philosophical significance in Indian culture. In the Bhagavad Gita, God is depicted as a puppeteer, controlling the universe with three strings: Satta, Raja, and Tama.
  • The storyteller in Indian theater is called Sutradhar, which means “string bearer.”
  • A diverse spectrum of puppetry traditions has emerged across India, each with its distinct style of puppets.
  • Inspiration was drawn from mythology, folklore, and local legends. Puppetry has been infused with painting, sculpture, music, dance, and theater, resulting in a unique artistic expression.
  • However, this creative form has steadily diminished in recent years because of a need for dedicated fans and financial uncertainties.

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Various Types of Puppetry in India

India has a rich tradition of puppetry, with various types of puppets used across different states. Here are four major types of puppets in India and the states where they are commonly used:

Glove Puppets 

There are three different types:

  • PavaKoothu - Kerala
  • Sakhi Kundhei Nata - Odisha
  • Beni Putul - West Bengal

Rod Puppets

There are three different types:

  • Putul Nach - West Bengal
  • Kathi Kandhe - Odisha
  • Yampuri - Bihar

Shadow Puppets

There are six different types:

  • Tholu Bommalata - Andhra Pradesh
  • Togalu Gombeyaata - Karnataka
  • Tholpavakoothu - Kerala
  • Chamadyache Bahulya - Maharashtra
  • Ravanachhaya - Odisha
  • Thol Bommalattam - Tamil Nadu

String Puppets

There are six different types:

  • Putal Nach - Assam
  • Gombeyatta - Karnataka
  • Kalasutri Bahulya - Maharashtra
  • Gopalila Kundhei - Odisha
  • Kathputli - Rajasthan
  • Bommalattam - Tamil Nadu

String Puppets

Putul Nach

  • String Puppetry of Assam
  • The puppets are made of wood and are 9 inches tall.
  • Oil colour is used to colour the wood and add characteristics such as eyes, noses, and other features.
  • The puppeteer controls the strings that are attached to small holes in the hands, head, and back of the body.
  • To give puppets a more lifelike feel, little jewellery is applied.

Gombeyatta

  • Puppetry of Karnataka
  • It is influenced by Karnataka’s Yakshagana theater.
  • Typically, more than one puppeteer is present to manipulate each puppet.

Gopalila Kundhei

  • Puppetry of Orissa
  • These are light wood sculptures with short skirts.
  • These puppets feature additional joints, allowing the puppeteer to move around more freely.
  • A triangular prop is used to hold the strings.

Kathputli

  • Puppetry of Rajasthan
  • Kathputli means “wooden doll.” The puppets are dressed in traditional Rajasthani clothing.
  • Dramatic folk music is used to accompany the show.
  • The lack of legs is a distinguishing trait. The puppeteers’ fingers are strung with strings.

Bommalattam

  • Puppetry of Tamil Nadu
  • The puppet’s strings are held together by an iron ring.
  • The puppeteer wears this ring on his head.
  • The largest and heaviest marionettes in India are the Bommalattam puppets.
  •  Some stand 5 feet tall and weigh 10 kilograms.

Shadow Puppets

Tholu Bommalata

  • Puppetry of Andhra Pradesh
  • These are leather figures that are flat. Both sides of the leather are painted with figures.
  • To produce a shadow effect on the screen, puppets are put on a white screen with light falling from behind them.
  • The figures are handled in such a way that the silhouettes formed on the white screen tell a story.
  • The performance is set to classical music and is based on Purana spiritual stories. Puppets are larger and have two sides that are coloured.

Togalu Gombeyaata

  • Puppetry of Karnataka
  • The size of the puppets varies according to the character’s socioeconomic level.
  •  As a result, rulers are depicted as larger than commoners.

Ravanachhaya

  • Puppetry of Orissa
  • The puppets used in the show have no joints and need the talent to operate.
  • Non-human puppets are also employed.

Glove Puppets

PavaKoothu

  • Type of Glove Puppetry of Kerala
  • The puppeteers wear the puppets on their hands like gloves.
  • The puppeteer moves the puppet with his index and middle fingers.
  • Rhythmic beats or dholaks accompany the performances.
  • The influence of the kathakali dance genre may be seen in these performances.
  • The plays are based on the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Rod Puppets

Putul Nach

  • Rod Puppetry of Orissa, Assam & Bengal
  • They are a type of hand puppet common in Eastern India.
  • A rod linked to the puppeteer’s waist is used to control the puppets.
  • A musical ensemble performs alongside the performances.

Yampuri

  • Puppetry of Bihar
  • The puppets are made of wood and do not have any joints.
  • They’re made of wood and painted and clothed in vibrant hues.

Salient Features Associated with Puppetry
  • Themes: Like traditional theater themes are centered on epics and legends.
  • Regional differences: Puppets from various country sections have distinct personalities. Regional painting and sculpture techniques influence them.
  • Puppet shows are accompanied by loud music and songs to pique children's and adults' interest. In puppet shows, music plays an important part.
  • Language: Puppetry takes on various regional forms in many languages, although some unusual characteristics emphasise the link to classical Sanskrit play.
  • Puppet shows have long been associated with ceremonial celebrations, with performances taking place at festivals or celebrations such as weddings or other family and community gatherings.

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Modern Puppetry in India

Modern Puppetry is roughly 50 years old in India, inspired by Russia’s Sergei Obratsov School. “Meher Contractor, who worked with Darpana Academy in Gujarat, is given credit with introducing Modern Puppetry to India and connecting Indian puppeteers to the rest of the world,”.

Reasons for Depletion of Puppetry Art in India
  • In today’s world, patronage is limited
  • Electronic media, a popular kind of entertainment, competes with it. People prefer puppetry over watching epic stories like the Ramayana and Mahabharata on television.
  • Puppetry art is usually restricted to religious and mythological tales.
  • In today’s world, puppetry does not address current socio-economic issues.
  • Puppetry is out of date in terms of scripting, lighting, sound, and other stage effects.

Conclusion

Puppetry has long been used to communicate information in most parts of the world. Puppetry combines elements of literature, painting, sculpture, music, dance, and theater to allow students to express themselves creatively.

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Puppetry in India – Origin & Salient Features & Types of Puppetry in India: Download PDF here!

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FAQs on Puppetry in India

Puppetry as an art form is thought to date back over 3000 years. Puppets are believed to have originated in Egypt. In tombs, ivory and clay puppets were discovered. Even as early as 422 B.CAncient Greek scholars such as Aristotle and Plato recognized puppets.

Individual puppets from all around the country have individual characteristics. Regional painting and sculpting methods have inspired them. God Almighty has been referred to as a puppet, and the universe has been compared to a puppet stage.

The different types of puppetry in India are String Puppets, Rod Puppets, Shadow Puppets and Glove puppets.

The reasons for the lack of popularity of puppetry art are patronage is limited Electronic media, a popular kind of entertainment, competes with it. People prefer puppetry over watching epic stories like the Ramayana and Mahabharata on television. Puppetry is out of date in terms of scripting, lighting, sound, and other stage effects.

In most regions of the world, puppetry has been crucial to the spread of knowledge. Puppetry incorporates aspects from all art disciplines, including music, dance, theatre, painting, and literature, and it helps pupils improve their creative skills.
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