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Home / IAS Preparation / Rio Summit

Rio Summit 1992 Features, Outcomes, & Importance UPSC Notes

Last Updated on May 12, 2024
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The Rio Summit was one of the first instances when the international community joined hands to deliberate about human development and the environment. The Earth Summit paved the way for more serious environmental discourse in the public sphere. Governments decided to consider environmental impact in all their policies and developmental projects after the Earth Summit. Although the summit was for two weeks, the preparations for the summit began by 1989. It outlined the steps to achieve sustainable development in the future. It was also a momentous event as NGOs were deeply involved in the consultative and drafting process.

This topic of Rio Summit is important from the perspective of General Studies Paper 3 (GS3) of the UPSC examination, particularly under the section of Environmental Conservation and Climate Change. 

What is Rio Summit 1992?

Source: MEA, GoI

  • The UN Conference on Environment and Development that took place in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in June 1992 is referred to as the Rio Summit or the Earth Summit (1992).
  • It was convened to discuss issues related to development and the environment. Representatives from over 178 countries were in attendance.
  • Maurice Strong served as the Conference’s Secretary General. He was also the Secretary General of the UN Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm (1972). He was a Canadian businessman and Under Secretary General of the UN. He referred to the Rio Summit as a “historic moment for humanity”.
  • The Earth Summit was not centred around a single issue, rather it focussed on delving out a broad plan on how to approach the environment in a fast developing world.
  • The following legally binding documents were opened for signature at the Rio Summit- Convention on Biological Diversity, Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
  • The key documents that came out of the Rio Summit are: Rio Declaration, Agenda 21 and the Forest Principles

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Features of Rio Earth Summit 1992
  • The Rio Earth Summit was officially known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). It was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from June 3 to 14, 1992.
  • The summit brought together representatives from 178 countries. This included heads of state, government officials, and delegates from various organizations.
  • The main agenda of the summit was to address pressing global environmental issues and promote sustainable development.
  • The Rio Earth Summit resulted in the adoption of several important environmental treaties. This included the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • The summit produced Agenda 21, a comprehensive action plan for sustainable development. It outlined strategies for addressing environmental, social, and economic challenges.
  • The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, recognizing the differing responsibilities of developed and developing countries in environmental protection and sustainable development, was reaffirmed at the summit.
  • The Rio Earth Summit emphasized the importance of involving non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders in environmental decision-making processes.
  • The summit highlighted the need for integrating economic development, social equity, and environmental protection to achieve sustainable development.

Major Outcomes of the Rio Summit 1992

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

  • It reaffirmed the Stockholm Convention of 1972 and vowed to build upon it.
  • More than 175 countries were signatories to the Rio Declaration.
  • The stated goal was to establish new and equitable international partnerships to reach global agreements on the issues of development and environment.
  • Humans were seen as central to any new initiative. They deserve a productive life in harmony with nature. (Principle 1)
  • It affirmed the sovereignty of states to act on issues of environment and urged them to take steps to reduce harmful practices. (Principle 2)
  • The goal is to make sure that there are enough resources left for the future generations for leading a peaceful life. (Principle 3)
  • The Declaration as part of the Rio Summit called for placing environmental protection at the centre of sustainable development. (Principle 4)
  • Global Poverty has to be addressed and regional disparities should be accounted for while drawing up policies. (Principle 5)
  • Special Priority should be accorded to developing and most vulnerable countries. The developed countries should take a lead in creating global partnerships and providing support to other nations. (Principle 6 & 7)
  • Scientific and technical knowledge should be utilised in the production and consumption process to minimise the damage to the environment. (Principle 8 & 9)
  • The states should ensure that all relevant information regarding environmental protection is passed on to the citizens at appropriate times. They should also come up with legislations and regulations keeping in mind the local developmental context. The Rio Declaration also asks states to restrain from unfair trade restrictions and arbitrary policies that might harm other countries (Principle 10, 11, 12).
  • The concept of loss and damage should be applied to pollution and adequate compensation provided. They should also ensure that countries don’t transfer hazardous materials to other countries (Principles 13,14).
  • The Rio Declaration also called for more active participation of women and youth in driving change towards sustainable development (Principle 20 &21).
  • It also calls on states to integrate knowledge systems of indigenous communities for environment protection (Principle 22).

Read about the UN General Assembly here.

Agenda 21

  • The Brundtland Commission resulted in the creation of Agenda 21, a non-binding action plan.
  • It was the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, commonly known as the Rio Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1992).
  • The number ‘21′ represented the goal of attaining long-term progress in the twenty-first century. It emphasised the importance of local governments in accomplishing long-term goals.
  • ‘No nation alone can, Together We Can’- These words from the Preamble of Agenda 21 underline the entire spirit of the Earth Summit.
  • It is divided into 4 sections- Social And Economic Dimensions, Conservation And Management Of Resources For Development, Strengthening The Role Of Major Groups, Means Of Implementation.
  • The Rio 5+ conference held during the UN General Assembly and Rio 10+ held in Johannesburg evaluated the progress achieved post Agenda 21.

Solve these questions on Agenda 21 here.

Forest Principles

  • It is officially referred to as the “Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement Of Principles For A Global Consensus On The Management, Conservation And Sustainable Development Of All Types Of Forests”
  • The principles were drafted to the conservation and management of forests worldwide. Issues related to forest management should be dealt with in a holistic and balanced manner.
  • The final draft of the forest principles was a compromise between the developing and developed nations.
  • It grants states the sovereign right to exploit their natural resources.
  • The conversion of forest areas for developmental activities are the sole concern of individual states depending on their economic circumstances.

Also, check out other notes on People Development and Environment, here.

Environmental Treaties of Rio Earth Summit 1992

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The UNFCCC, adopted at the Rio Earth Summit, aimed to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and address climate change.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The CBD, also adopted at the Rio Earth Summit, aimed to conserve biodiversity, ensure sustainable use of biological resources, and promote fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

Importance of Rio Earth Summit 1992
  • The Rio Earth Summit placed environmental issues on the global agenda. It raised awareness about the need for sustainable development and addressed pressing environmental challenges.
  • The summit led to the adoption of important environmental treaties, including the UNFCCC and CBD. These provided frameworks for international cooperation on climate change and biodiversity conservation.
  • The development of Agenda 21 provided a comprehensive blueprint for sustainable development. It guided countries in integrating environmental, social, and economic aspects to achieve sustainable development goals.
  • The summit emphasized the importance of involving non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders in environmental decision-making processes, promoting inclusivity and collaboration.
  • The reaffirmation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities recognized the varying responsibilities of developed and developing countries in addressing environmental challenges.

Major Takeaways

  • The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Earth Summit or Rio Summit, marked a turning point in global environmental discourse.
  • It established the concept of sustainable development, aiming to balance environmental protection, economic growth, and social equity for future generations.
  • It led to three major agreements:
    • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): A global framework to address climate change.
    • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): Promotes conservation of biodiversity and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
    • Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: Defines key principles for sustainable development.
  • Agenda 21: A comprehensive action plan for achieving sustainable development at the global, national, and local levels.
  • Forest Principles: Non-binding guidelines for sustainable forest management.
  • The Rio Summit raised global awareness of environmental challenges and fostered international cooperation for addressing them. 

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Rio Summit UPSC FAQs

The Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992 refers to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

The Rio Summit is associated with addressing global environmental issues and promoting sustainable development.

The Rio Plus 20 Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The Rio de Janeiro Summit 1992 was held to address pressing global environmental issues and promote sustainable development.

The two outcomes of the Rio Summit were the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

The aim of the Rio Summit was to address global environmental issues and promote sustainable development.

The major achievement of the Rio Summit was the adoption of Agenda 21, a comprehensive action plan for sustainable development.
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