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Tipaimukh Dam Project- Dam Project on Barak River & India-Bangladesh Transboundary River Management

Last Updated on Nov 27, 2022
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Tipaimukh Dam Project is a proposed embankment dam on the Barak river which originates from Manipur hills, South of Mao in the Senapati district of Manipur. First commissioned in 1983, this Dam has caused severe antagonism between India and Bangladesh. Various protest marches were being carried out in Bangladesh to stop the construction of this dam due to water rights, in addition to questions about the environmental effects of the huge project, as well as the need to relocate indigenous Hmar people to make way for a vast reservoir. In this article, we will analyze the cause of content between India and Bangladesh over this project and other details related to this project.

Dams and river systems can be seen in the geography section of GS Paper I and this topic is also related to international relations in GS paper II of the UPSC IAS exam. Tipaimukh Project is an important topic of international relations in the mentioned exam.

Download the PDF on Tipaimukh Dam Project notes for UPSC Exam here.

Read about the Drainage System in India.

Latest News about the Tipaimukh Project
  • Tipaimukh Hydro-Electric Power Project has been the subject of repeated demands from Bangladesh to stop construction.
  • In a joint declaration between India and Bangladesh, PM Modi declared that India will not take any unilateral decision on the Tipaimukh Project which may adversely affect Bangladesh.
  • In 2013 the two governments announced up to a 2-year delay, to allow Bangladesh to complete additional environmental studies.

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What is the Tipaimukh Dam Project?

Tipaimukh Project is a proposed embankment on the Barak river in Manipur state of India. This hydroelectric power plant project is proposed to be set up just 100 km from Bangladesh. There are two major purposes of this project.

  • Flood control in the area – This will control the river’s flow by holding back excessive flows by blocking it and then letting it flow on in smaller amounts.
  • Hydroelectric power Generation – It will be a retaining structure, which is a structure built to create large standing bodies of water known as reservoirs. These reservoirs can be used for irrigation, electrical generation, or water supply.

This proposal has been facing severe criticism from Bangladesh as well as the people of North East India. Tipaimukh dam is a topic of dispute ever since 1978.

The Barak river enters Bangladesh near Amalshid of Sylhet from Assam where the river bifurcates as shown in the image. The right branch is the Surma River and the left branch is the Kushiara river. They again unite at Habibganj and follow as Kalini River. The Kalini river eventually meets the Padma river near Chandipur district and falls into the Bay of Bengal forming a big estuary in Bangladesh.

Read about India Bangladesh Relations here!

Tipaimukh Dam Project: Location

Tipaimukh Dam Project is located On the Barak River In Manipur.

Barak River System

The Barak River System flows through India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. In India, it spreads across an area of 41723 sq km passing through Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland. It originates from the Manipur hills, from Liyai Village in the Senapati district in Manipur. It was named Surma on entering Bangladesh and later called Meghana before meeting Ganga and Brahmaputra combined.

Tipaimukh Dam Project: Facts and figures for UPSC

Some of the facts and figures related to the Tipaimukh Dam project are

Facts And Figures for UPSC
Location Barak River, Manipur
Embankment Dimensions 390 meters long, 162.5 meter High
Crest Elevation 180 meter
Maximum Reservoir Level 178 m above sea level
Hydro Power Generation 1500 MW
Constructed By NHPC
Cost of Project 81.38 Billion Rupees

Study the Article Ken Betwa River Linking here!

Historical timeline of the Tipaimukh Project

A brief timeline of the Tipaimukh project

Date Event
1978 India-Bangladesh entered into a joint river commission for Tipaimukh Project
7th Jan 1981 Rao Birender Singh, India’s former Agriculture, Rural Reconstruction, and Irrigation Minister stated in a Review Meeting of the Ganges Waters Agreement held at New Delhi that India has carried out detailed explorations and investigations.
1988 An earthquake of 6.6 magnitudes on the Richter scale shook the areas around the dam.
2005 After a hiatus of 25 years, this project again gained momentum at the joint river commission.
2013 In 2013 India gave additional 2 years to Bangladesh to carry out environmental studies.

Read about Major Dams in India here!

Tipaimukh Project: India’s viewpoint

During a visit to Bangladesh in 2010 Prime Minister of India assured that India won’t take any measures on the Tipaimukh Project that would adversely affect Bangladesh. It has been explicitly mentioned that the dam constructed will be used for hydroelectric power generation and to divert the water for irrigation purposes.

Regarding the strength of the dam, it has been mentioned that in geotectonic fault locations such as that of Tipaimukh rockfill dams are suitable as they have been proven successful in areas with high geotectonic faults like that of Japan.

Tipaimukh Dam Project: Bangladesh’s viewpoint

Even after the assurance provided to Bangladesh regarding the purpose of this dam being for hydroelectric power generation and flood control. Bangladesh also has some serious concerns;

  • Such heavy activity on rivers can impact rivers’ regimes and may impact rivers’ life over time.
  • The capacity of dams to control floods also is a cause for concern
  • Crops land will also be impacted by the water activity nearby.
  • The area is prone to earthquakes and any such incident can cause damage to the construction and eventually to the ecosystem nearby.

Challenges involved in the Tipaimukh Project

Concern regarding the Tipaimukh Project’s construction has been expressed by Bangladesh. They contend that this could harm Bangladesh’s downstream agriculture and fisheries as well as the seasonal rhythm of the river.

In addition, according to environmental activists, the Tipaimukh region is home to several threatened species, including the rufous-necked hornbill, the state bird of Manipur, grey sibia, gibbons, leopards, and serow, and any such construction activity in this area will also damage the natural ecosystem there.

The 2007 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report observed that the project would permanently submerge some 291.5 sq. km. at FRL (275.5 sq. km. in Manipur and 16 sq. km. in Mizoram). Some important Information related to the controversies is

  • A lot of opposition has been expressed on both sides of the border, including a number of complaints from the Bangladeshi side and protests from the North Indian states, regarding the construction of the rock-filled hydroelectric dam that will be built near the confluence of the Tuivai River and the Barak River on the border of the Churachandpur district of Manipur and Kolashib district of Mizoram respectively
  • The dam on the border of Mizoram and Manipur is anticipated to produce 412 MW of hydropower and control flooding in south Assam. At least 275 km2 of land will be submerged by the proposed dam, which will be 163 meters high.
  • The Indian state-owned utility North East Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO) originally built the dam to control floods.
  • The Tipaimukh area lies in an ecologically sensitive and topographically fragile region. A major earthquake of magnitude of 6.6 on the Richter Scale rocked the Manipur-Myanmar border on 6 August 1988 some 240 km (150 mi) northeast of the dam site.

Check the Article about Koyna Dam here!

The Current Status of the Tipaimukh Project

Several bilateral meetings have been held between both countries over the years to resolve the issue of the Tipaimukh Project.

  • In 2009– A 10-member committee led by a Bangladesh parliamentary delegation led by the late Abdur Razzak MP, former Water Resources Minister of Bangladesh to survey the proposed area was planned to be carried out but could not be done due to bad weather.
  • 22 October 2011- After the Promoter’s Agreement between the Government of Manipur, NHPC Ltd., and Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. Dr Mashiur Rahman and Dr Gowher Rizvi, Advisor to Sheikh Hasina, paid a visit to New Delhi to discuss the concerns of Bangladesh.
  • In May 2012 -a sub-group of the Joint Rivers Commission was set up to examine the impact of the project on Bangladesh
  • August 27-28, 2012- first meeting of the sub-group on the Tipaimukh Hydroelectric Project under the Joint Rivers Commission was held in New Delhi

Also, Read the Article Sagarmala Project here!

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Tipaimukh Project FAQs

Tipaimukh Dam Project is a flood control and hydroelectric power generation dam project at Tipaimukh in Manipur.

Tipaimukh Dam is a proposed embankment dam on the river Barak in Manipur state India, first commissioned in 1984

No, The project is still under discussion due to various controversies liked to it.

There are various controversies related to the Dam from its construction related to issues in Bangladesh over its cropland being impacted due to such activity in this area.

The construction of this dam will solve the problem of Power generation by creating a hydroelectric power plant and also prevent flooding in this area.

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