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Home / IAS Preparation / Urban Naxalism

Urban Naxalism: History, Causes, Contributing Factors & More | UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Oct 23, 2024
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The term Urban Naxalism refers to the way Naxalite ideology and activities started in rural India and have gradually gained ground in urban India. Naxalism traces its roots in agrarian dissent in rural areas; now it cuts across urban space, drawing into its fold semi-urban educated goers who endorse the Maoist cause. These urban naxals typically work in secret from cities, use their professional standing, social influence, and intellectual capabilities for the propagation of extremist philosophy, fabrication and management of events, and sometimes in plotting some actions against the state.

It is relevant to the General Studies Paper III of the UPSC Civil Services Examination which relates subjects to internal security topics, such as challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money laundering, and its prevention. An understanding of Urban Naxalism is important for understanding threat postures of internal security and government response strategies.

GS Paper

General Studies Paper III

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Urban Naxalism, Naxalite Movement, Maoist Insurgency, Urban Insurgency, SAMADHAN Initiative

Topics for UPSC Mains

Factors Contributing to Naxalite Movement, Government Strategies to Combat Urban Insurgency, Legal Framework to Address Naxalism

Urban Naxals Meaning

The term Urban Naxals refers to those people who live in cities but are ideologically on the same side as, or actively working for the Maoist movement. They constitute a different brigade of Naxalite fighters—the rural, hardcore Naxal fighters: the latter generally being less educated and wielding other social influences within academia, media, civil society organizations, etc. They significantly contribute to radicalizing urban youth as well as propagating Maoist ideology and resource mobilization along with the dimensions of other forms of intellectual support for Naxalites.

History of Naxalism in India

Naxalism developed out of Naxalbari, a small village in the state of West Bengal in 1967, when a peasant revolt turned violent due to the oppression meted out by the landlords. Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal led this movement that initially started demanding land reforms and wanted to do away with the feudal agrarian system. The movement splintered into various groups in the years, but the entire thing remained to be a communist state through armed action. Naxal influence was relatively very scanty in the rural centers, and its stronghold was in the areas of West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh. But with time, the ideological outreach contacted the urban centers. Thus, it is referred to as Urban Naxalism.

Read the article on Terrorism!

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Modus Operandi of Urban Naxalism

Their operations are carried out through urbane, sophisticated, and clandestine networks inside cities. Among other functions, these networks engage in the following activities.

  • Recruitment and Radicalization: Urban Naxals penetrate educational institutions and make use of ideological speeches, literature, and social media for recruitment and radicalization of the urbane youth.
  • Intellectual Propagation: They proliferate Maoist ideology utilizing academic and media positions under the guise of intellectual and social critique.
  • Fundraising: They mobilize fundraising through various means, NGOs, and even fake charitable organizations to fund the Maoist activities.
  • Logistical Support: Urban Naxals provide materials, shelter, and medicine to the rural cadres.
  • Information and Intelligence Gathering: They collect and forward information about the operations and state security apparatus to the rural Naxalite groups.
  • Legal Aid and Advocacy: Whenever people are arrested or repressed, Urban Naxals generally provide legal aid and undertake public campaigns by projecting Maoists as the victim of state repression.

Read the article on India's Efforts to Counter Terrorism!

Causes of Urban Naxalism

Some of the major causes that led to the emergence of Urban Naxalism:

  • Social and Economic Inequalities: The prevalence of chronic inequities and limited opportunities in cities results in frustration and alienation among people, thereby rendering them vulnerable to radical thought.
  • Political Disillusionment: This is due to mainstream politics and failure of democratic processes.
  • Ideological Indoctrination: Scholars and professionals, in the academy, are indoctrinated with extreme forms of leftist ideologies without any effective counter-narratives.
  • State Repression: Overuse of force and gross violation of human rights by state machinery in both urban as well as rural areas creates an ideology that offers resistance to Naxalite movement.
  • Cultural Alienation: The marginalized sections of the people, such as Dalits, Adivasis, and other economically weaker classes, often feel estranged from mainstream urban culture and its governance leading to sympathy for causes such as those raised by Naxalites.

Factors Contributing to Urban Naxalism

Following are some of the contributors of Urban Naxalism:

  • Education Institutions: Since Universities and colleges are known for providing an environment that is liberal and left, they become breeding places for Marxist and Maoist ideologies.
  • Civil Society and NGOs: Some civil society organizations and NGOs function as frontal organizations in the name of human rights to further the Naxal agenda.
  • Media Influence: Certain sections of the media do believe in and promulgate the Naxalite ideology and, in a subtle manner, impact the collective mind of the public.
  • Technology and Social Media: Urban Naxals use the internet and the social media to popularize the Naxal ideology, garner support, and execute their activities.
  • International Support: There are international organizations and activists who support them ideologically as well as materially, seeing Urban Naxals as freedom fighters against a repressive state.

Read the article on State-Sponsored Terrorism!

Current Status of Urban Naxalism in India

The current scenario of Urban Naxalism in India is complex. Because it happens underground, it is not easy to have an account of the number of people involved. Instead, there have been several arrests at different levels coupled with serious investigations that have kept Urban Naxalism in the public and political limelight. Through declarations by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the government has named those believed to be Urban Naxals as a threat. The persistence of urban support towards Maoist ideology even after the crackdown necessitates more attention and engagements.

Read the article on Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)!

Measures Taken by India Against Urban Naxals

Indian government has also resorted to a multi-dimensional strategy to eradicate Urban Naxalism:

  • Legislative measures: The Indian government has arrested and prosecuted some of those implicated in Urban Naxal activities under multiple laws, namely the UAPA.
  • Surveillance: Scrutiny of academic institutions, media houses, and NGOs suspected of allowing space for Urban Naxals.
  • Intelligence: Uniting intelligence networks to track and prevent Naxalite activity in urban areas.
  • Social and Economic Development: Work towards development in such areas which would reduce the disparities existing between the rural and urban regions and thereby address the basic causes of Naxalism.
  • Public Awareness Campaigns: Orientation of the public in general about the dangers of Naxalism and rehabilitation of the propaganda involved.
  • Rehabilitation Programs: A program under which former Naxalites have been or are going to be rehabilitated and reintegrated into mainstream society.

Read the article on Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act!

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

  • Urban Naxalism: Simply put, Urban Naxalism is the spread of Naxalite ideology and insurgency activities in urban areas, which has emerged differently than that of rural Naxalism.
  • Root Causes: Social and economic disparities, unemployment, and political frustration are some of the causes of urban Naxalism.
  • Recruitment and Radicalization: Urban insurgents exploit the already present discontent in cities to induct and radicalize the educated youth and intellectuals.
  • Government Response: Strategic counter-insurgency operations, intelligence gathering, and community policing to prevent urban insurgency.
  • Security Concerns: It is extremely covert in nature and potentially disruptive with its urban setting and thus poses significant security concerns.
  • Role of Academics and Activists: Involvement of intellectuals and activists subscribing to and supporting Naxalite ideology makes the government's task highly complicated.
  • Legal Framework: In this respect, there is a need to apply some legal instruments and frameworks aimed at countering insurgency practices by securing the rights of the civilian population.
  • Comprehensive Strategy: This includes a wide-ranging strategy involving a holistic strategy with security, social-economic development, and political participation in addressing the root cause.

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Urban Naxalism UPSC FAQs

The Indian government has undertaken steps that range from legal prosecution, upgrading its surveillance gathering intelligence, socio-economic development measures, and public awareness campaigns, not to mention rehabilitation programs.

Urban Naxals are, indeed, a threat to national security as it can erode the state from within because they wield influence and operate from high places of power to facilitate and propagate extremist ideologies.

While complete eradication of Urban Naxalism cannot be done completely due to its clandestine and ideology-based structure, there's bound to be good fruitful value through sustained efforts in law enforcement, intelligence, socio-economic reforms, and public awareness to curb its influence.

Urban Naxalism is the spread of Naxalite ideology and activities from the rural to the urban areas by educated people who support or participate in Maoist causes.

Urban Naxals are those who live in urban areas and advocate for, support, the Maoist movement through their professional and social influence by propagating Naxalite ideology and assisting in related activities.

The Urban Naxal works through recruitment and radicalization, intellectual propagation, raising funds, logistic support, gathering information, and providing legal aid.

Urban Naxalism emerged due to socio-economic disparities, political disillusionment, ideological indoctrination, state repression, and cultural alienation.
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