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Home / IAS Preparation / Wildlife Corridors

Wildlife Corridors: Need, Types, Benefits & Wildlife Corridors in India

Last Updated on Dec 25, 2024
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Wildlife corridors are important ecological corridors that link isolated patches of habitats to facilitate free movement and migration of animals. The corridors play a critical role in the conservation of genetic diversity, allowing species to adapt to climate change, and reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Linking different habitats, wildlife corridors ensure the survival and thriving of various species, thereby preserving ecological balance and biodiversity.

This topic is relevant to the Environment and Ecology section of the General Studies Paper III in the UPSC Civil Services Examination. Understanding wildlife corridors is important for aspirants because it brings out the human-nature relationship, efforts at biodiversity conservation, and the need for sustainable development practices.

GS Paper

General Studies Paper III

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Elephant corridors, Major corridors in India, Conservation of Biodiversity

Topics for UPSC Mains

Challenges in implementing corridors, Human-wildlife conflict, Role in species conservation

What are Wildlife Corridors?

Wildlife corridors are sections of natural habitat that connect two or more large wildlife habitats. They allow animals to move freely and safely between these habitats. They prevent genetic isolation, promote higher biodiversity, and maintain healthy ecosystems. They can be naturally occurring, such as riverbanks and forest strips, or man-made, like overpasses or underpasses, specifically designed to help wildlife cross human-made barriers such as roads and highways.

Need for Wildlife Corridors in India

India has so much biodiversity. Fragmentation often results from the increasing trend of rapid urbanization and extensive infrastructure developments with fast-growing agricultural activities. Isolation of wildlife populations tends to reduce genetic diversity, with increased vulnerability to disease susceptibility and environmental change.

  • Biodiversity Conservation: Many species, such as tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses, require large territories to forage and mate. Wildlife corridors facilitate their movement across fragmented habitats, ensuring the survival and continuity of these species.
  • Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation: By providing safe passages, corridors reduce the chances of animals straying into human settlements, thus reducing conflicts and saving human life and livestock.
  • Climate Change Adaptation: With the change in climate conditions, animals have to shift to more favorable habitats. Wildlife corridors facilitate such movements, thus aiding species to adapt to environmental changes.
  • Genetic Exchange: The corridors allow different populations to intermingle, ensuring genetic diversity, which is crucial for the health and resilience of species populations.

Read the article on the Agasthyamalai Elephant Reserve!

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Types of Wildlife Corridors

Wildlife corridors can be classified based on their structures and functions:

  • Linear Corridors: Linear corridors represent a direct strip of habitats from large habitats; examples include riverine forests and mountain ranges.
  • Stepping stone corridors: Small, noncontiguous blocks of habitat in chains for the animal to travel upon as stepping stones, through them, for longer periods across the landscape, including a series of small wetland patches, small woods.
  • Landscape Corridors: These are broad expanses of land that provide habitat connectivity at a larger scale, hence supporting the movement and survival of various species.
  • Riparian Corridors: These corridors follow rivers and streams and provide a habitat as well as a pathway for wildlife, especially in arid regions where water bodies offer crucial resources.

Read the article on the Wildlife Protection Act 1972!

List of Wildlife Corridors in India

India has several important wildlife corridors that ensure the movement and survival of various species:

  • Terai Arc Landscape Corridor: This is a landscape corridor that connects protected areas such as Ranthambhore, Dudhwa, and Corbett across the foothills of the Himalayas, thereby playing a critical role in the conservation of tigers and elephants.
  • Eastern Ghats Corridor: This is a corridor connecting habitats across the Eastern Ghats to facilitate the movement of species such as tigers and leopards between Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
  • Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Corridor: Essential for elephant movement between Kaziranga National Park and the Karbi Anglong hills in Assam.
  • Kanha-Pench Corridor: A significant tiger corridor that facilitates the movement and genetic exchange between Kanha and Pench tiger reserves.
  • Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Corridor: Integrating numerous small and large habitats across Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, this corridor supports multiple species, including tigers and elephants.

Read the article on Tiger Conservation in India!

Benefits of Wildlife Corridors

Wildlife corridors have several benefits for both animals and human populations:

  • Richer Biodiversity: Since corridors connect isolated habitats, they support diverse ecosystems and help species survive in greater numbers.
  • Climate Resilience: The migration of species to suitable habitats to survive the changing climate helps species survive.
  • Ecosystem Services: Healthy wildlife populations contribute to such ecosystem services as pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient cycling, all of which are vital to maintaining ecological balance.
  • Less Human-Wildlife Conflict: Safe and secure passage of wildlife reduces the chance of animals entering human settlements and, therefore, decreases the conflicts.

Role of Wildlife Corridors in Tiger Conservation

A territorial habit to survive, tigers thrive in large territories. Habit fragmentation is a serious issue for their population. Connective wildlife corridors play crucial roles in tiger conservation while connecting fragmented habitats to improve dispersal, hunting and reproduction, thus preventing genetic inbreeding and ensuring its long-term survival.

  • Genetic Diversity: Corridors promote interbreeding amongst different tiger populations, that maintains healthy genetic diversity.
  • Conflict Reduction: Corridors minimize the occurrences of tigers entering human-inhabited areas by offering marked pathways for tigers. Hence, human-tiger conflicts are reduced.
  • Population Stabilization: Linking fragmented habitats helps stabilize populations as natural movements and establishment of territories are allowed in wildlife corridors.

Read the article on the Biosphere Reserves in India!

Disadvantages of Wildlife Corridors

Wildlife corridors, despite their numerous advantages, have some disadvantages also:

  • High Cost: Creating and managing a wildlife corridor may require many resources and cost high expenses in acquiring lands, constructing infrastructure, and even more in terms of long monitoring and management.
  • Human Encroachment: Human activities such as logging illegally and poaching that tend to reduce the effectiveness of a corridor.
  • Disease: Corridors may sometimes facilitate the spread of diseases between wildlife populations, potentially impacting animal health.
  • Conflict of Land Use: The production of corridors can create potential conflicts between conservationists, local communities, or industry over land use and access.

Read the article on the Global Biodiversity Outlook Report!

Way Forward

There is a need for all-inclusive approaches to increasing the effectiveness of wildlife corridors as this involves policy integration and community engagement in addition to scientific research:

  • Policy Integration: Wildlife corridor strategies ought to be integrated into policies on national and regional levels of land-use planning and development to ensure systematic coordinated conservation efforts.
  • Community Participation: Successful wildlife corridors need community involvement in planning and management. The communities must be made aware of the importance of corridors and offered incentives for their support.
  • Monitoring and Research: Wildlife movements have to be continuously monitored and further research conducted on corridor use and effectiveness for necessary adjustment of management strategies.
  • Funding: The establishment, maintenance, and improvement of wildlife corridors require sustainable funding mechanisms such as government investment and private sector partnerships.

Read the article on the National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP)!

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

  • Habitat Connectivity: Connecting fragmented habitats to facilitate safe wildlife movement, important for preserving genetic diversity.
  • Conservation Strategy: A key in conservation strategies against habitat fragmentation.
  • Human-Wildlife Conflict: It reduces the human-wildlife conflict as it ensures a safe pass for animals.
  • Examples in India: There are important corridors in the Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, and even between such protected areas like Kanha and Pench.
  • Landscape Approach: This has been promoted to a landscape-level approach of conservation as it integrates the protected area with the landscape surrounding.
  • Infrastructure Impact: Challenges that develop infrastructure, such as road and rail development.
  • Policy Support: Robust frameworks of policy support at both state and national levels.
  • Community Involvement: Involvement of the local communities for sustainable outcomes during conservation efforts.

We hope your doubts regarding the topic have been addressed after going through the above article. Testbook offers good quality preparation material for different competitive examinations. Succeed in your UPSC IAS exam preparations by downloading the Testbook App here!

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Wildlife Corridors UPSC FAQs

The National Tiger Conservation Authority identifies 88 such wildlife corridors in India.

The foremost significant wildlife corridor in India is the Terai Arc Landscape corridor, which forms a bridge between various protected areas spread across the foothills of the Himalaya.

The four primary types of wild life corridors are linear corridor, stepping stone corridor, landscape corridor, and riparian corridor.

Two notable wildlife corridors in India are the Terai Arc Landscape corridor and the Kanha-Pench corridor.

As of now, there isn't a specific Wildlife Corridors Conservation Act in India. However, wildlife corridors are considered under general wildlife protection and forest conservation laws.

They have ensured that tigers can travel freely, which has aided in maintaining genetic diversity and reducing human-tiger conflict and stabilizing population numbers.

Wildlife corridors in India face challenges including habitat encroachment, poaching, infrastructure development, and human-wildlife conflicts, which hinder their effectiveness and the safe movement of wildlife.

Wildlife corridors are natural or semi-natural areas that connect fragmented habitats and allow the free movement and migration of wildlife between them.
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